Регуляция экспрессии генов плацентарного трансформирующего фактора роста-β и β-рецептора тромбоцитарного фактора роста кальцитриолом в клетках LNCaP рака предстательной железы тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 03.00.04, кандидат биологических наук Назарова, Надежда Юрьевна

• Назарова, Надежда Юрьевна
• кандидат биологических наук
• 2009

Оглавление диссертации кандидат биологических наук Назарова, Надежда Юрьевна

СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ.

1 ВВЕДЕНИЕ.

1.1 Актуальность проблемы.

1.2 Цели н задачи исследования.

1.3 Основные положения, выносимые на защиту.

1.4 Научная новизна.

1.5 Научное и практическое значение работы.

2 ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ.

2.1 Открытие и структура витамина Д.

2.2 Метаболизм и транспорт витамина Д.

2.3 Молекулярные механизмы действия кальцитриола.

2.3.1 Регуляция экспрессии генов.

2.3.2 "Быстрое" негеномное действие кальцитриола.

2.4 Биологические функции витамина Д.

2.5 Предстательная железа как орган-мишснь кальцитриола.

2.5.1 Эпидемиологические исследования.

2.5.2 Метаболизм витамина Д и экспрессия гена VDR в предстательной железе.

2.5.3 Действие кальцитриола на клетки рака предстательной железы.

2.5.3.1 Подавление пролиферации.

2.5.3.2 Индукция дифференцировки.

2.5.3.3 Индукция апоптоза.

2.5.3.4 Подавление ангиогенеза и инвазии клеток.

2.5.4 Взаимодействие между сигнальными системами кальцитриола и андрогенов.

2.6 Суперсемейство факторов роста TGF-p и рак предстательной железы.

2.7 Суперсемейство факторов роста PDGF/VEGF и рак предстательной железы.

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Регуляция экспрессии генов плацентарного трансформирующего фактора роста-β и β-рецептора тромбоцитарного фактора роста кальцитриолом в клетках LNCaP рака предстательной железы»

1.1 Актуальность проблемы Аденокарцинома предстательной железы является одной из самых распространенных форм рака среди мужчин. С каждым годом частота этого заболевания стабильно увеличивается, и, несмотря на то, что в большинстве случаев аденокарцинома развивается медленно, она занимает второе место в мире по смертности от рака среди мужчин (Gurel, 2008). Из-за высокой частоты и длительного скрытого периода развития заболевания, предпочтительной стратегией лечения аденокарциномы предстательной железы является первичная химиотерапия на ранней стадии. Важным фактором в развитии аденокарциномы предстательной железы является генетическая предрасположенность. Другую значительную долю риска отводят на факторы образа жизни. В 1990 году Шварц и Хулка выдвинули гипотезу о том, что недостаточность витамина Д является фактором риска развития рака предстательной железы. Авторы этой гипотезы предположили, что метаболиты витамина Д поддерживают клетки рака предстательной железы в дифференцированном состоянии, а их недостаточность провоцирует переход от скрытой к выраженной форме заболевания (Schwartz, Hulka, 1990). В поддержку этой гипотезы служат данные о противоопухолевом действии витамина Д на другие гормон-зависимые типы рака (кишечника и молочной железы). Гипотеза о том, что недостаточность витамина Д является фактором риска развития гормон-зависимых типов рака получила подтверждение в многочисленных эпидемиологических и экспериментальных исследованиях. Исследования in vitro показали, что кальцитриол, активный метаболит витамина Д, контролирует пролиферацию, дифференцировку, апоптоз и миграцию гормон-зависимых раковых клеток, а также ангиогенез. В настоящее время активно исследуются механизмы противоопухолевого действия кальцитриола, а также природа повышенной чувствительности гормонзависимых раковых клеток к его действию. Кальцитриол обладает секо-стероидной структурой и в функциональном отношении подобен классическим стероидным гормонам, действие которых реализуется через связывание с рецептором транскрипционным фактором и регуляцию экспрессии генов-мишеней. Поэтому необходимым витамина Д этапом является в понимании феномена спектра противоопухолевого действия и расшифровка генов-мишеней кальцитриола выявление среди них генов, задействованных в контроле апоптоза, пролиферации, 6 дифференцировки и миграции клеток. К настоящему времени скрининг генов, регулируемых кальцитриолом и его аналогами в клетках рака предстательной железы, позволил выявить такие механизмы антипролиферативного действия витамина Д, как регуляция сигнальных путей инсулиноподобного фактора роста (Boyle, 2001) и ряда антиапоптозных белков (Blutt, 2000). Регуляция экспрессии других генов, определяющих неисследованной. скорость роста клеток, кальцитриолом остается 1.2 Цели и задачи исследования Целью данного исследования было выявление новых генов-мишеней кальцитриола, вовлеченных в регуляцию роста гормон-зависимых клеток рака предстательной железы линии LNCaP. Для достижения этой цели были поставлены следующие задачи исследования: 1. Провести скрининг генов, регулируемых кальцитриолом в клетках LNCaP, на микрочипах кДНК и определить потенциальные гены-мишени кальцитриола на основании результатов скрининга и данных литературы. 2. Провести анализ экспрессии выбранных генов-мишеней под действием кальцитирола в клетках LNCaP методами ОТ-ПЦР (обратной транскрипции с последующей полимеразной цепной реакцией) в режиме реального времени и иммуноблоттинга. 3. Оценить значение регуляции экспрессии выбранных генов-мишеней для подавления роста клеток LNCaP кальцитриолом. 1.3 Основные положения, выносимые на защиту 1. Кальцитриол индуцирует экспрессию гена плацентарного трансформирующего фактора роста-Р (PTGF-p) в клетках рака предстательной железы человека линии LNCaP. Кальцитриол не влияет на стабильность мРНК PTGF-p. Индукция транскрипции гена PTGF-p кальцитриолом не зависит от белкового синтеза. 2. Индукция транскрипции гена PTGF-P кальцитриолом не зависит от действия андрогенов. 3. PTGF-p подавляет рост клеток LNCaP и вызывает активацию киназ, регулируемых внеклеточными сигналами, ERK1 и ERK2. 4. Кальцитриол подавляет экспрессию гена Р рецептора громбцитарного фактора роста (PDGFRP), индуцированную эпидермальным фактором роста, в клетках LNCaP..4 Научная новизна Выявлен ряд новых потенциальных генов-мишеней калыдитриола, включающий гены таких ферментов метаболизма как синтаза жирных кислот (FAS), фосфорибозилглицинамид-формилтрансфераза (GART), стеароил-КоА-десатураза а также гены, (SCD), гистидин-аммиак-лиаза (HAL) и дофахром таутомераза, кодирующие компоненты сигнальных путей факторов роста, такие как плацентарный трансформирующий фактор роста-(3, Р-рецептор тромбоцитарного фактора роста, трансформирующий фактор роста-а, эпидермальный фактор роста, фактор некроза опухоли-а. Впервые выявлена и исследована индукция экспрессии гена плацентарного трансформирующего фактора роста-Р (PTGF-P) кальцитриолом. Охарактеризована зависимость концентрации содержания мРНК и белка PTGF-P от калыдитриола в клетках LNCaP. времени воздействия и действие 5а- Исследовано д и гидротестостерона (DHT) на содержание мРНК PTGF-P в клетках LNCaP в присутствии и в отсутствие кальцитриола. Показано, что индукция транскрипции гена PTGF-P кальцитриолом не изменяется в присутствии DHT, а также не подавляется антиандрогеном Касодекс, что указывает на механизм индукции транскрипции этого гена кальцитриолом. Впервые исследованы два возможных пути передачи сигнала PTGF-P в клетках LNCaP: не обнаружено влияния PTGF-P на фосфорилирование белков андроген-независимыЙ! SMAD в этих клетках, выявлено быстрое и краткосрочное фосфорилирование киназ, регулируемых внеклеточными сигналами, ERK1 и ERK2. Впервые показано подавление экспрессии гена р рецептора тромбоцитарного фактора роста (PDGFRp) кальцитриолом. Подавление экспрессии этого гена выявлено в клетках линии LNCaP, выращенных в присутствии эпидермального фактора роста (EGF), и в клетках стромы предстательной железы линии P29SN. Показано, что клетки предстательной железы линий LNCaP и РС-3, имеющие эпителиальное происхождние, характеризуются очень низким уровнем экспрессии генов рецепторов тромбоцитарного фактора роста (PDGFRa и PDGFRP) по сравнению с клетками первичной культуры стромы предстательной железы P29SN и P32S. Уровень экспрессии гена исследованной изоформы тромбоцитарного фактора роста (PDGF-B), напротив, значительно выше в эпителиальных клетках линий РС-3 и LNCaP, чем в клетках первичной культуры стромы. Такой характер экспрессии предполагает преобладание паракринного механизма действия PDGF в предстательной железе. 8

Заключение диссертации по теме «Биохимия», Назарова, Надежда Юрьевна

1. Методом скрининга на микрочипах кДНК в клетках рака предстательной железы человека линии LNCaP выявлено более 300 потенциальных генов-мишеней кальцитриола, среди которых гены, кодирующие ферменты метаболизма, факторы роста и их рецепторы, и другие.2. Кальцитриол индуцирует экспрессию гена плацентарного трансформирующего фактора роста-р (PTGF-P) в клетках LNCaP. По данным, полученным методами количественной ОТ-ГЩР и иммуноблоттинга, уровень экспрессии гена PTGF-P находится в прямой зависимости от концентрации кальцитриола в культуралыюй среде в диапазоне 1-100 нМ и от времени инкубации клеток с кальцитриолом в диапазоне 6 - 24 ч на уровне содержания РНК и 24 - 72 ч на уровне содержания белка. С использованием ингибитора транскрипции актиномицина Д показано, что кальцитриол не влияет на стабильность мРНК PTGF-

р. С использованием ингибитора трансляции циклогексимида, показано, что индукция транскрипции гена PTGF-P кальцитриолом не зависит от белкового синтеза.3. Рекомбинантный PTGF-P человека подавляет рост клеток LNCaP в культуре и вызывает быструю и кратковременную активацию киназ, регулируемых внеклеточными сигналами, ERK1 и ERK2. В присутствии антител к PTGF-P частично предотвращается подавление роста клеток LNCaP, вызванное кальцитриолом.4. Индукция экспрессии гена PTGF-P кальцитриолом в клетках LNCaP не зависит от андрогенов, как показано с использованием 5а-дигидротестостерона (DHT) и антиандрогена Касодекс.5. Клетки LNCaP невосприимчивы к митогенному действию тромбоцитарного фактора роста изоформы ВВ (PDGF-BB) вследствие низкого уровня экспрессии его рецепторов, PDGFRa и PDGFRp. Эпидермальный фактор роста (EGF) индуцирует экспрессию гена PDGFRP и восприимчивость клеток к митогенному действию PDGF. Кальцитриол подавляет экспрессию гена PDGFRp, индуцированную EGF. В клетках первичной культуры стромы предстательной железы линии P29SN понижение содержания мРНК PDGFRp кальцитриолом сопровождается уменьшением скорости роста клеток.7 БЛАГОДАРНОСТИ С чувством глубокой признательности благодарю заведующего лабораторией анатомии Медицинской школы Университета Тампере (Финляндия) профессора Пентти Туохимаа за предоставленную возможность выполнить значительную часть экспериментальной работы и всех сотрудников лаборатории - за помощь в освоении новых методов. Особую благодарность выражаю доктору Сэнджуну Киао (Каролинский Университет, Швеция), доктору Ян-Ру Лу и всем соавторам моих печатных работ за интересное и продуктивное сотрудничество.Благодарю всех сотрудников лаборатории химии белка и преподавателей кафедры биохимии Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета, чья помощь в получении профессиональных навыков позволила выполнить данное исследование. Особую благодарность выражаю доценту кафедры биохимии, к.б.н.Наталье Евгеньевне Воиновой и старшему преподавателю кафедры биохимии, к.б.н.Татьяне Вячеславовне Никитиной за ценные замечания по содержанию и оформлению диссертации.

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