Новые возможности ON-LINE концентрирования ионов металлов при их капиллярно-электрофоретическом определении тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 02.00.02, кандидат химических наук Каменцев, Михаил Ярославович

• Каменцев, Михаил Ярославович
• кандидат химических наук
• 2010

Оглавление диссертации кандидат химических наук Каменцев, Михаил Ярославович

1. Литературный обзор.

1.1. Физико-химические принципы капиллярного электрофореза (КЭ) и его специфика как аналитического метода.

1.1.1. Метод КЭ-анализа.

1.1.2. Общая схема КЭ-анализа.

1.1.3. Электрофоретическое разделение и влияющие на него факторы.

1.1.3.1. Общие принципы электрофоретического разделения ионов.

1.1.3.2. Эффективность ЭР.

1.1.4. Детектирование в КЭ и его специфика.

1.1.4.1. Общая схема детектирования в КЭ.

1.1.4.2. Методы детектирования, применяемые в КЭ.

1.1.5. On-line концентрирование.

1.1.5.1. Полевой стэкинг.

1.1.5.1.1. Стэкинг с усилением поля.

1.1.5.1.2. Производные стэкинга с усилением поля.

1.1.5.1.3. Стэкинг с большим объемом пробы.

1.1.5.1.4. pH-mediated FASS.

1.1.5.1.5. Изотахофоретическое концентрирование.

1.1.5.2. рН-стэкинг.

1.1.5.3. Принцип фокусировки.

1.1.5.3.1. Изоэлектрическая фокусировка (ИЭФ).

1.1.5.3.2. Противоточная электрофокусировка.

1.2. КЭ-определение ионов металлов.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Аналитическая химия», Каменцев, Михаил Ярославович

3.4. Выводы.

1. В развитие идеи рН-стэкинга предложен новый метод on-line концентрирования ионов металлов при их капиллярно-электрофоретическом определении в форме комплексных соединений с фотометрическими реагентами, который может рассматриваться как псевдо-изоэлектрическая фокусирвка (ПИЭФ).

2. Дано физико-химическое обоснование принципов ПИЭФ, проведен теоретический анализ преимуществ определения ионов металлов методом КЭ с ПИЭФ по сравнению с традиционной схемой КЗЭ и дано экспериментальное подтверждение этих преимуществ, главными из которых являются высокие коэффициенты концентрирования на уровне 300 и эффективность разрешения электрофоретических пиков на уровне (2-3)х106 тт, практически не зависящие в указанных диапазонах от времени ввода и ионной силы пробы.

3. Предложенный метод on-line концентрирования позволяет расширить концентрационный диапазон определения ионов переходных металлов с использованием стандартных приборов для КЭ-анализа. На примерах определения цинка(Н), кадмия(П) и марганца(П) достигнуты пределы обнаружения на уровне единиц мкг/л.

4. Практические возможности метода продемонстрированы на примере определения цинка(П) и кадмия(П) в человеческой моче, пределы обнаружения составили 5 и 3 мкг/л соответственно.

Список литературы диссертационного исследования кандидат химических наук Каменцев, Михаил Ярославович, 2010 год

1. Сб., отв. ред. JI. К. Шпигун. Успехи аналитической химии. К 75-летию академика Ю. А. Золотова. М. Наука. 2007. С. 110.

2. Сб. под ред. В. П. Шведова. Электромиграционный метод в физико-химических и радиохимических исследованиях. М. Атомиздат. 1971. С. 287.

3. Под ред. Микеша. Лабораторное руководство по хроматографическим и смежным методам. М. Мир. 1982. ч. 1 и 2. С. 400 и С. 381.

4. Л. Н. Москвин, Л. Г. Царицына. Методы разделения и концентрирования. Л. Химия. 1991. С. 208.

5. F.E.P. Mikkers, F.M. Everaerts, Th.P.E.M. Verheggen. High-performance zone electrophoresis//J. Chromatogr. A. 1979. V. 169. P. 11-20.

6. R. Weinberger. Practical Capillary Electrophoresis (Second Edition). New York. CE Technologies. 2000. P. 462.

7. D. R. Baker. Capillary Electrophoresis. New York. Wiley-Interscience. P. 244.

8. Michael C. Breadmore. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips // Electrophoresis. 2007. V. 28.1. 1-2. P. 254-281.

9. F.E.P. Mikkers, F.M. Everaerts and Th.P.E.M. Verheggen. Concentration distributions in free zone electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 1979. V. 169. P. 1-10.

10. Guillaume L. Erny, Edmund T. Bergstrom and David M. Goodall. Electromigration dispersion in capillary zone electrophoresis: Experimental validation of use of the Haarhoff—Van der Linde function // J. Chromatogr. A. 2002. V. 959.1. 1-2. P. 229-239.

11. Pavel Coufal, Vra Pacakova, Karel tulik. An evaluation of the experimental approaches to detection of small ions in CE // Electrophoresis. 2007. V. 28.1. 19. P. 3379-3389.

12. Cameron Johns, Miroslav, Macka, Paul R. Haddad. Optimisation of probe concentration in indirect photometric detection in capillary electrophoresis using highly absorbing dyes // Electrophoresis. 2002. V. 23.1. 1. P. 43-48.

13. Cameron Johns, Miroslav Macka and Paul R. Haddad. Highly sensitive indirect photometric detection of cations by capillary electrophoresis with the cationic dye chrysoidine // J. Chromatogr. A. 2003. V. 997.1. 1-2. P. 87-94.

14. Changyu Quang and Morteza G. Khaledi. Prediction and optimization of the separation of metal cations by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection //J. Chromatogr. A. 1994. V. 659.1. 2. P. 459-466.

15. Cameron Johns, Miroslav Macka, Paul R. Haddad. Enhancement of detection sensitivity for indirect photometric detection of anions and cations in capillary electrophoresis //Electrophoresis. 2003. V. 24.1. 12-13. P. 2150-2167.

16. E. Simunicova3, D. Kaniansky' and K. Loksikova. Separation of alkali and alkaline earth metal and ammonium cations by capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV absorbance detection // J. Chromatogr. A. 1994. V. 665. I. l.P. 203209.

17. Frantiek Foret, Salvatore Fanali, Annalisa Nardi, Petr Boek. Capillary zone electrophoresis of rare earth metals with indirect UV absorbance detection // Electrophoresis. 1990. V. 11.1. 9. P. 780-783.

18. N. Shakulashvili, T. Faller and H. Engelhardt. Simultaneous determination of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal ions by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection // J. Chromatogr. A. 2000. V. 895.1. 1-2. P. 205-212.

19. Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska and Joseph F. Dlouhy. Application of capillary electrophoresis in atmospheric aerosol analysis: determination of cations // J. Chromatogr. A. 1995. V. 706.1. 1-2. P. 527-534.

20. Youchun Shi, James S. Fritz. Separation of metal ions by capillary electrophoresis with a complexing electrolyte // J. Chromatogr. A. 1993. V. 640.1. 1-2. P. 473-479.

21. Feng Qu, Jin-Ming Lin and Zuliang Chen. Simultaneous separation of nine metal ions and ammonium with nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis // // J. Chromatogr. A. 2004. V. 1022.1. 1-2. P. 217-221.

22. K. D. Altria, M. Wallberg and D. Westerlund. Separation of a range of cations by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis using indirect and direct detection // J. Chromatogr. A. 1998. V. 714.1. 1. P. 99-104.

23. Cameron Johns, Miroslav Macka, Paul R. Haddad . Indirect photomeric detection of anions in capillary electrophoresis using dyes as probes and electrolytes buffered with an isoelectric ampholyte // Electrophoresis. 2000. V. 21. I. 7. P. 1312-1319.

24. Zdena Mala, Radim Vespalec, Petr Boek. Capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect photometric detection in the visible range // Electrophoresis. 1994. V. 15.1. l.P. 1526-1530.

25. ZuLiang Chen, and Ravendra Naidu. On-column complexation capillary electrophoretic separation of Fe and Fe using 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid coupled with large-volume sample stacking // J. Chromatogr. A. 2004. V. 1023, I. l.P. 151-157.

26. Huatao Feng, Tianlin Wang and Sam Fong Yau Li. Sensitive determination of trace-metal elements in tea with capillary electrophoresis by using chelating agent 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR) // Food Chemistry. 2003. V. 81.1. 4. P. 607-611.

27. Greg E. Collins, and Qin Lu. Radionuclide and metal ion detection on a capillary electrophoresis microchip using LED absorbance detection // Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2001. V. 76.1. 1-3. P. 244-249.

28. Miroslav Macka, Brett Paull, Per Andersson and Paul R. Haddad. Determination of barium and strontium by capillary zone electrophoresis using an electrolyte containing sulfonazo III // J. Chromatogr. A. 1997. V. 767. I. 1-2. P. 303-310.

29. Besnik Baraj, Maria Martinez, Ana Sastre and Manuel Aguilar. Simultaneous determination of Cr(III), Fe(III), Cu(II) and Pb(II) as UV-absorbing EDTA complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 1995. V. 695. I. 1-2. P. 103-111.

30. Chanbasha Basheer, Hian Kee Lee. Determination of copper(I) and copper(II) ions after complexation with bicinchoninic acid by CE // Electrophoresis. 2007. V. 28.1. 19. P. 3520-3525.

31. Miroslav Macka, Pavel Nesterenko, Per Andersson and Paul R. Haddad. Separation of uranium(VI) and lanthanides by capillary electrophoresis using on-capillary complexation with arsenazo III // J. Chromatogr. A. 1998. V. 803. I. 1-2. P. 279-290.

32. Nevin Ôztekin and F. Bedia Erim. Separation and direct UV detection of lanthanides complexed with cupferron by capillary electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 2000. V. 895.1. 1-2. P. 263-268.

33. Nevin Oztekin and F. Bedia Erim. Separation and direct UV detection of lanthanides complexed with pyridine-2-carboxylic acid by capillary electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 2001. V. 924.1. 1-2. P. 541-546.

34. Jen-Fon Jen-' , Mei-Hwa Wua and Thomas C. Yang. Simultaneous determination of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) as EDTA complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis //J. Chromatogr. A. 1997. V. 339.1. 3. P. 251-257.

35. S. Pozdniakova, A. Padarauskas and G. Schwedt. Simultaneous determination of iron(II) and iron(III) in water by capillary electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 1997. V. 351.1. 1-3. P. 41-48.

36. Wolfgang Buchberger and Paul R. Haddad. Separation of metallo-cyanide complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 1994. V. 687.1. 2. P. 343-349.

37. Lawrence Evans III and Greg E. Collins. Separation of uranium(VI) and transition metal ions with 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol by capillary electrophoresis //J. Chromatogr. A. 2001. V. 911.1. 1. P. 127-133.

38. Gang Denga and Greg E. Collins. Nonaqueous based microchip separation of toxic metal ions using 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(/V-propyl-iV-sulfopropylamino)phenol//J. Chromatogr. A. 2003. V. 989.1. 2. P. 311-316.

39. Miroslav Macka, Pavel Nesterenko, Per Andersson and Paul R. Haddad. Separation of uranium(VI) and lanthanides by capillary electrophoresis using on-capillary complexation with arsenazo III // J. Chromatogr. A. 1998. V. 803.1. 1-2. P. 279-290.

40. Cameron Johns, Miroslav Macka, Paul R. Haddad. Design and performance of a light-emitting diode detector compatible with a commercial capillary electrophoresis instrument//Electrophoresis. 2004. V. 25.1. 18. P. 3145-3152.

41. Miroslav Macka, Per Andersson, Paul R. Haddad. Linearity evaluation in absorbance detection: The use of light-emitting diodes for on-capillary detection in capillary electrophoresis//Electrophoresis. 1996. V. 17.1. 12. P. 1898-1905.

42. Dan Xiao, Professor, Shulin Zhao, Hongyan Yuan, Xiupei Yang. CE detector based on light-emitting diodes // Electrophoresis. 2007. V. 28.1. 1-2. P. 233-242

43. Narumol Vachirapatama, Miroslav Macka, Paul R. Haddad. Separation and determination of vanadium in fertiliser by capillary electrophoresis with a light-emitting diode detector // Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2002. V. 374. P. 1082-1085.

44. M. N. Church, G. L. Klunder, J. D. Spear, P. Grant, B. D. Andresen, R. E. Russo. Transient Isotachophoresis Electrophoresis Separation of Lanthanides with Indirect Laser-Induced Fluorescence // Analytical Chemistry. 1998. V. 70. P. 2475-2480.

45. Richard P. Baldwin. Recent advances in electrochemical detection in capillary electrophoresis//Electrophoresis. 2000. V. 21.1. 18. P. 4017-4028.

46. Andreas J. Zemann. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis //Electrophoresis. 2003. V. 24.1. 12. P. 2125-2137.

47. A. Padarauskas. CE determination of small ions: methods and techniques // Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2006. V. 384.1. 1. P. 132-144.

48. Yan-Ming Liu, Er-Bao Liu and Jie-Ke Cheng. Ultrasensitive chemiluminescence detection of sub-fM" level Co(II) in capillary electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 2001. V. 939.1. 1-2. P. 91-97.

49. Masahiko Hashimoto, Kazuhiko Tsukagoshi, Riichiro Nakajima, Kazuo Kondo, and Akihiro Arai. Microchip capillary electrophoresis using on-line chemiluminescence detection // J. Chromatogr. A. 2000. V. 867.1. 1-2. P. 271-279.

50. Yan-Ming Liu and Jie-Ke Cheng. Ultrasensitive chemiluminescence detection in capillary electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 2002. V. 959.1. 1-2. P. 1-13.

51. Andrei R. Timerbaev. Capillary electrophoresis of inorganic ions: An update // Electrophoresis. 2004. V. 25.1. 23-24. P. 4008-4031.

52. Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin, Matthias Englmann. Capillary electrophoresis -mass spectrometry: Survey on developments and applications 2003-2004 // Electrophoresis. 2005. V. 26.1. 7-8. P. 1209-1220.

53. Andras Gaspar, Matthias Englmann, Agnes Fekete, Mourad Harir, Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin.Trends in CE-MS 2005-2006 // Electrophoresis. 2007. V. 29.1. 1. P. 66-79.1

54. Carolina Simo , Coral Barbas , Alejandro Cifuentes. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometiy in food analysis // Electrophoresis. 2005. V. 26. I. 7-8. P. 1306-1318.

55. Pavía Pantková, Petr Gebauer, Petr Boek, Ludmila Kivánková. Electrolyte systems for on-line CE-MS: Detection requirements and separation possibilities // Electrophoresis. 2009. V. 30.1.l.P. 203-214.

56. Bao-Hui Li, Xiu-Ping Yan, Dr. Short-column CE coupled with inductively coupled plasma MS for high-throughput speciation analysis of chromium // Electrophoresis. 2007. V. 28.1. 9. P. 1393-1398.

57. Petr Kubá, Dr., Pavlína Houserová, Pavel Kubá, Peter C. Hauser, Vlastimil Kubá. Mercury speciation by CE: A review // Electrophoresis. 2006. V. 28. I. 1-2. P. 58-68.

58. Bernhard Michalke and Peter Schramel. Hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as an element-specific detection method for metal speciation // J. Chromatogr. A. 1996. V. 750.1. 1-2. P. 51-62.

59. Sylvain Topin, Jean Aupiais, Philippe Moisy. Direct determination of plutonium(V) and neptunium(V) complexation by carbonate ligand with CE-ICP-sector field MS //Electrophoresis. 2009. V. 30.1. 10. P. 1747-1755.

60. Steven L. Simpson Jr., Joselito P. Quirino and Shigeru Terabe. On-line sample preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis: Fundamentals and applications // J. Chromatogr. A. 2008. V. 1184.1. 1-2. P. 504-541.

61. Michael C. Breadmore. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips // Electrophoresis. 2007. V. 28.1.l.P. 254-281.

62. Zdena Malá, Andrea lampová, Petr Gebauer, Petr Boek. Contemporary sample stacking in CE //Electrophoresis. 2009. V. 30. LLP. 215-229.

63. Zdena Mala, Ludmila Kivankova, Petr Gebauer, Petr Boek. Contemporary sample stacking in CE: A sophisticated tool based on simple principles // Electrophoresis. 2007. V. 28.1. 1-2. P. 243-253.

64. Kenji Sueyoshi, Fumihiko Kitagawa, Koji Otsuka. Recent progress of online sample preconcentration techniques in microchip electrophoresis // Journal of separation sciences. 2008. V. 31.1. 14. P. 2650-2666.

65. Joselito P. Quirino' and Shigeru Terabe. Sample stacking of cationic and anionic analytes in capillary electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 2000. V. 902.1. 1. P. 119-135.

66. Ring-Ling Chien, Dean S. Burgi. Field amplified sample injection in high-performance capillary electrophoresis //J. Chromatogr. A. 1991. V. 559.1. 1-2. P. 141-152.

67. Y.-H. Lee and T.-I. Lin. Determination of metal cations by capillary electrophoresis effect of background carrier and completing agents // J. Chromatogr. A. 1994. V. 675.1. 1-2. P. 227-236

68. Zak K. Shihabi. Stacking in capillary zone electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 2000. V. 902.1. l.P. 107-117.

69. Attila Gaspar'and Lilla Gabor Study of quantitative analysis of traces in low-conductivity samples using capillary electrophoresis with electrokinetic injection // J. Chromatogr. A. 2005. V. 1091.1. 1-2. P. 163-168.

70. Zak K. Shihabi. Field amplified injection in the presence of salts for capillary electrophoresis //J. Chromatogr. A. 1999. V. 853.1. 1-2. P. 3-9.

71. M. A. Friedberg, M. Hinsdale and Z. K. Shihabi. Effect of pH and ions in the sample on stacking in capillary electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 1997. V. 781.1. 1-2. P. 35-42.

72. L.Liliana Garcia and Z.K. Shihabi. Sample matrix effects in capillary electrophoresis: I. Basic considerations // J. Chromatogr. A. 1993. V, 652. I. 2. P. 465-469.

73. Joselito P. Quirino, and Shigeru Terabe. Sample stacking of cationic and anionic analytes in capillary electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 2000. V. 902.1. 1. P. 119-135.

74. F.E.P. Mikkers, F.M. Everaerts and J.A.F. Peek. Isotachophoresis: The concepts of resolution, load capacity separation efficiency II. Experimental evaluation // J. Chromatogr. A. 1979. V. 168.1. 2. P. 317-332.

75. F.M. Everaerts, M. Geurts, F.E.P. Mikkers and Th.P.E.M. Verheggen. Analytical isotachophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 1976. V. 119. P. 129-155.

76. Th.P.E.M. Verheggen, F.E.P. Mikkers and F.M. Everaerts. Isotachophoresis in narrow-bore tubes : Influence of the diameter of the separation compartment // J. Chromatogr. A. 1977. V. 132.1. 2. P. 205-215.

77. Andrei R. Timerbaev, Takeshi Hirokawa. Recent advances of transient isotachophoresis-capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of small ions from high-conductivity matrices // Electrophoresis. 2006. V. 27.1.l.P. 323-340.

78. Hikaru Okamoto and Takeshi Hirokawa. Application of electrokinetic supercharging capillary zone electrophoresis to rare-earth ore samples // J. Chromatogr. A. 2003. V. 990.1. 1-2. P. 335-341.

79. Jan Petr, Silke Gerstmann, Hartmut Frank . Determination of some heavy metal cations in molten snow by transient isotachophoresis/capillary zone electrophoresis // Journal of separation science. 2006. V. 29.1. 14. P. 2256-2260.

80. Zakariya K. Shihabi. Peptide stacking by acetonitrile-salt mixtures for capillary zone electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 1996. V. 744.1. 1-2. P. 231-240.

81. Ruedi Aebersold, and Hamish D. Morrison. Analysis of dilute peptide samples by capillary zone electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 1990. V. 516.1. 1. P. 79-88.

82. Philip Britz-Mckibbin, Andrea R. Kranack, Alison Paprica and David D. Y. Chen. Quantitative assay for epinephrine in dental anesthetic solutions by capillary electrophoresis // Analyst. 1998. V. 123.1. 7. P. 1461-1463.

83. Wei-Hua Qin, Cheng-Xi Cao, Shan Li, Wei Zhang, Wei Liu. Quantitativestudy on selective stacking of zwitterions in large-volume sample matrix bymoving reaction boundary in capillary electrophoresis // Electrophoresis. 2005. V.261. 16. P. 3113-3124. 1*

84. Yan He* and Hian Kee Lee. Large-Volume Sample Stacking in Acidic Buffer for Analysis of Small Organic and Inorganic Anions by Capillary Electrophoresis //Anal. Chem. 1999. V. 71.1. 5. P. 995-1001

85. Jonathan G. Shackman, David Ross. Counter-flow gradient electrofocusing // Electrophoresis. 2007. V. 28.1. 4. P. 556-571.

86. P. H. O'Farrell. Separation Techniques Based on the Opposition of Two Counteracting Forces to Produce a Dynamic Equilibrium // Science. 1985. V. 227. P. 1586-1589.

87. Qinggang Wang, Bingfang Yue and Milton L. Lee. Mobility-based selective on-line preconcentration of proteins in capillary electrophoresis by controlling electroosmotic flow // J. Chromatogr. A. 2004. V. 1025.1. 1. P. 139-146.

88. Arindom Datta, Shubhra Gangopadhyay, Henryk Temkin, Qiaosheng Pu and Shaorong Liu. Nanofluidic channels by anodic bonding of amorphous silicon to glass to study ion-accumulation and ion-depletion effect // Talanta. 2006. V. 68.1. 3. P. 659-665.

89. David Ross and Laurie E. Locascio. Microfluidic Temperature Gradient Focusing // Analytical Chemistry. 2002. V. 74. P. 2556-2564.

90. Jonathan G. Shackman, Matthew S. Munson, Cheuk-Wai Kan and David Ross. Quantitative temperature gradient focusing performed using backgroundelectrolytes at various pH values // Electrophoresis. 2006. V. 27. I. 17. P. 34203427.

91. Stacey J. Hoebel, Karin M. Bates,* Barbara J. Jones, Constantin D. Malliaris, Matthew S. Munson, Wyatt N. Vreeland, and David Ross. Scanning Temperature Gradient Focusing//Analytical Chemistry. 2006. V. 78. P. 7186-7190.

92. Audrius Padarauskas. Derivatization of inorganic ions in capillary electrophoresis // Electrophoresis. 2003. V. 24.1. 12-13. P. 2054-2063.

93. Joop C. M. Waterval, Henk Lingeman, Auke Bult, Willy J. M. Underberg. Derivatization trends in capillary electrophoresis // Electrophoresis. 2000. V. 21.1. 18. P. 4029-4045.

94. V. P. Andreev, N. B. Ilyina, E. V. Lebedeva, A. G. Kamenev, N. S. Popov. Electroinjection analysis. Concept, mathematical model and applications // Journal of Chromatography A. 1997. V.772. P. 115-127.

95. V.P. Andreev, A.G. Kamenev, N.S. Popov. Electroinjection analysis. The introduction of a new variant of flow-injection analysis and comparison with electrophoretically-mediated microanalysis. Talanta, 1996, V. 43, p. 909-914.

96. Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska, Valbona Celo. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of pollutants // Electrophoresis. 2005. V. 27.1.l.P. 304-322.

97. Prof. Andrei R. Timerbaev. Analysis of inorganic pollutants by capillary electrophoresis//Electrophoresis. 1997. V. 18.1. 2. P. 185-195.

98. Ying-Fing Fung, Kap-Man Lau. Determination of trace metals by capillary electrophoresis //Electrophoresis. 2001. V. 22.1. 11. P. 2192-2200.

99. Kezhan Cheng, Zhongxi Zhao, Richard Garrick, Francis R. Nordmeyer, Milton L. Lee and John D. Lamb. Separation of metal cations by electrophoresis in a positively charged coated capillary // J. Chromatogr. A. 1995. V. 706. I. 1-2. P. 517-526.

100. Miroslav Macka, Prof. Paul R. Haddad. Determination of metal ions by capillary electrophoresis //Electrophoresis. 1997. V. 18.1. 12-13. P. 2482-2501.

101. Yan-Ming Liu, Jie-Ke Cheng. Elemental speciation analysis in capillary electrophoresis // Electrophoresis. 2003. V. 24.1. 12-13. P. 1993-2012.

102. Pavel Jano. Analytical separations of lanthanides and actinides by capillary electrophoresis //Electrophoresis. 2003. V. 24.1. 12-13. P. 1982-1992.

103. Ying-Sing Fung, Ho-Shan Tung. Capillary electrophoresis for trace metal ion analysis in environmental studies // Electrophoresis. 1999. V. 20. I. 9. P. 18321841.

104. Min Chen and Richard M. Cassidy. Separation of metal ions by capillary electrophoresis // J. Chromatogr. A. 1993. V. 640.1. 1-2. P. 425-431.

105. A. V. Pirogov and J. Havel. Determination of platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, rhodium and gold as chloro complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis // Journal of chromatography A. 1997. V. 772.1. 1-2. P. 347-355.

106. Э. Бишоп. Индикаторы. T.l. M. Мир. 1976. С. 496.

107. В. П. Живописцев, Е. А. Селезнева. Аналитическая химия цинка. М. Наука. 1975. С. 27.

108. Д. П. Щербов, М. А. Матвеец. Аналитическая химия кадмия. М. Наука. 1973. С. 84.

109. А. К. Лаврухина, Л. В. Юкина. Аналитическая химия марганца. М. Наука. 1974. С. 69.