Характеристика изоформ лакказы гриба Cerrena unicolor тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 03.01.04, кандидат биологических наук Лисова, Зоя Александровна

• Лисова, Зоя Александровна
• кандидат биологических наук
• 2011

Оглавление диссертации кандидат биологических наук Лисова, Зоя Александровна

СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

ГЛАВА 1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ.

1.1. ЛАККАЗА. ОБЩЕЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ О ФЕРМЕНТЕ

1.1.1. История открытия.

1.1.2. Лакказа - представитель семейства «голубых» медьсодержащих оксидаз.

1.1.3. Распространение в природе

1.1.4. Функции лакказы.

1.1.5. Локализация лакказы.

1.1.6. Молекулярные свойства лакказы.

1.2. РЕГУЛЯЦИЯ ЭКСПРЕССИИ ЛАККАЗЫ.

1.3. СТРУКТУРА ЛАККАЗЫ.

1.3.1. Строение активного центра лакказ

1.3.2. «Необычные» лакказы.

1.3.3. Трехмерная структура лакказы.

1.4. ТИПЫ СУБСТРАТОВ, ОКИСЛЯЕМЫХ ЛАККАЗОЙ.

1.5. МЕХАНИЗМ КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ ЛАККАЗЫ.

1.5.1. Каталитический цикл лакказы.

1.5.2. Механизм восстановления кислорода в трехъядерном кластере.

1.6. ФАКТОРЫ, ОПРЕДЕЛЯЮЩИЕ РЕАКЦИОННУЮ СПОСОБНОСТЬ ЛАККАЗ.

1.6.1. Разница окислительно-восстановительных потенциалов Т1 центра и субстрата и факторы, влияющие на величину редокс-потенциала Т1 центра лакказ.

1.6.2. Стерическое соответствие молекулы субстрата субстратсвязывающему центру лакказы.

1.6.3. Энергия реорганизации.

1.7. ЭФФЕКТ «МЕДИАТОРОВ»

1.8. КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ И ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ЛАККАЗ.

1.8.1. Каталитические параметры реакций окисления субстратов лакказами.

1.8.2. рН Оптимум.

1.8.3. Температурный оптимум окисления субстрата и термостабильность лакказ.

1.8.4. Ингибиторы лакказной активности.

1.9. ПРИКЛАДНОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ЛАККАЗЫ.

1.9.1. Применение лакказы в целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности.

1.9.2. Применение лакказы в текстильной промышленности.

1.9.3. Применение лакказы в пищевой промышленности.

1.9.4. Использование лакказы в производстве технического спирта.

1.9.5. Биоремедиация с помощью лакказы.

1.9.6. Применение лакказы в косметической промышленности.

1.9.7. Применение лакказы в органическом синтезе.

1.9.8. Биосенсоры, электроиммуноанализ и биотопливные элементы на основе лакказы.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ЧАСТЬ.

ГЛАВА 2. МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ.

2.1. Объект исследования и условия культивирования.

2.2. Скрининг грибов - продуцентов лакказы.

2.3. Очистка фермента.

2.4. Определение активности лакказы и концентрации белка.

2.5. Характеристика фермента.

2.5.1. Электрофорез. Определение молекулярной массы.

2.5.2. Аналитическая изоэлектрофокусировка.

Определение изоэлектрических точек.

2.5.3. Определение спектральных характеристик.

2.5.4.0пределение углеводного состава.

2.5.5. Дегликозилирование лакказы.

2.5.6. Определение оптимумов и стабильности фермента.

2.5.7. Определение каталитических свойств.

2.5.8. Определение N-концевых последовательностей.

2.5.9. Триптический гидролиз белка в полиакриламидном геле.

2.5.10. MALDITOF MS анализ.

2.6. Молекулярно-генетические методы.

2.6.1. Выделение геномной ДНК.

2.6.2. Амплификация гена лакказы с геномной ДНК.

2.6.3. Очистка ПЦР-фрагментов с помощью препаративного электрофореза.

2.6.4. Лигирование ПЦР-продукта.

2.6.5. Получение компетентных клеток Е. coli.

2.6.6. Трансформация компетентных клеток Е. coli.

2.6.7. Отбор клонов и скрининг.

2.6.8. Выделение плазмидной ДНК из Е. coli.

2.6.9. Секвенирование.

2.6.10. Выделение и очистка суммарной РНК С. unicolor ВКМ F-3196.

2.6.11. Синтез, амплификация кДНК и секвенирование.

2.7. Компьютерное моделирование.

2.8. Реакция лакказы с пентахлорфенолом (ПХФ) и идентификация продуктов.

2.9. Синтез лигниноподобных водорастворимых полимеров (ЛВП).

2.10. Определение токсичности ЛВП в отношении клеток.

2.11. Исследование антивирусной активности ЛВП.

ГЛАВА 3. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ.

3.1. Скрининг грибов-продуцентов лакказы и отбор наиболее эффективного продуцента лакказы.

3.2. Изучение индукции лакказы гриба С. unicolor.

3.3. Оптимизация условий очистки изоформ лакказы.

3.4. Характеристика лакказ.

3.4.1. Молекулярные свойства LacCl и LacC2.

3.4.2. Спектральные свойства LacCl иЬасС2.

3.4.3. Каталитические свойства LacCl и LacC2.

3.4.4. MALDITOF MS анализ и определение N-концевых аминокислотных последовательностей лакказ LacCl nLacC2.

3.5. Анализ нуклеотидных последовательностей генов лакказ LacCl и LacC и определение аминокислотных последовательностей лакказ.

3.6. Изучение структурной организации лакказ.

3.7. Трансформация пентахлорфенола лакказой LacCl

3.8. Синтез лигниноподобных водорастворимых полимеров (ЛВП) с участием лакказы и исследование их антивирусной активности.

ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ.

ВЫВОДЫ.

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Характеристика изоформ лакказы гриба Cerrena unicolor»

Актуальность проблемы.

Лакказа (К.Ф.1.10.3.2, пара-дифенол: кислород оксидоредуктаза) - медьсодержащий фермент - катализирует окисление широкого спектра субстратов кислородом, который восстанавливается в ходе реакции до воды. Этот фермент обнаружен у бактерий, грибов, растений и насекомых. Лакказа участвует в процессах синтеза меланинов, пигментов, развитии спор, детоксикации опасных метаболитов, деградации лигнина (Thurston, 1994; Leonowicz et al., 2001; Eggert et al., 1996a). Лакказы могут продуцироваться в виде единственной формы фермента, но чаще - в виде множественных форм. Наиболее изучены лакказы грибов-базидиомицетов, вызывающих белую гниль древесины. Лакказа обладает особыми каталитическими свойствами:

- обладает высоким редокс-потенциалом (Е° лакказ базидиальиых грибов достигает 790 мВ);

- лакказа неспецифична (способна окислять широкий набор субстратов, различающихся по строению и свойствам: моно-, ди-, полифенолы, амино- и метоксизамещенные фенолы, ароматические амины; неорганические ионы ([Mo(CN)8]4-, [Fe(CN)6]4-, [Os(CN)6]4-, [W(CN)8]4—,Mn2+));

- спектр субстратной специфичности может быть значительно расширен при участии в реакции низкомолекулярных соединений, т. н. редокс-медиаторов (пара лакказа/медиатор способна окислять субстраты с редокс-потенциалом, превышающим 1100 мВ);

- лакказы бактериального происхождения часто отличаются высокой термостабильностью (сохраняют каталитическую активность при 80 - 90°С) и катализируют реакции при нейтральных или щелочных значениях pH;

- для катализа не требуются кофакторы (фермент зависим лишь от наличия кислорода воздуха).

Эти качества сделали лакказу одним из наиболее распространенных инструментов в современной биотехнологии для разрушения ксенобиотиков, трансформации продуктов разложения лигнина, делигнификации и отбеливания растительного волокна, обесцвечивания красителей в стоках текстильного производства, при получении древесноволокнистых плит, древесных блоков и картона без применения токсичных связующих, в косметике, в пищевой промышленности, в органическом синтезе.

Несмотря на огромный потенциал лакказ в биотехнологии, примеров практического применения лакказ в промышленных масштабах немного: лакказы хорошо известны как компоненты красок для волос, препарат Déni Lite II (Novo Nordisk Co) используется для отбеливания хлопчатобумажных тканей в текстильной промышленности.

Причины такого несоответствия заключаются в том, что пока не удается найти или сконструировать фермент, который сочетал бы в себе все перечисленные особенности лакказ разного происхождения. Например, лакказы бактерий имеют низкий редокс— потенциал (Е° - 0,3 - 0,4 В), лакказы базидиомицетов редко бывают термостабильными, еще реже - активными при нейтральных и щелочных значениях рН.

Поэтому поиск новых ферментов по-прежнему актуален, причем особенно востребованы ферменты с высоким редокс-потенциалом, термостабильные и активные в области рН, близкой к нейтральной. При этом, как правило, исследователи ориентированы на доминирующие формы в семействах множественных изоформ лакказ, так что минорные формы, или трудноразделяемые формы лакказ остаются неизученными.

Цель и задачи исследования.

Целью настоящего исследования было сравнительное изучение двух изоформ лакказы базидиомицета Cerrería unicolor ВКМ F—3196.

Для достижения поставленной цели было необходимо решить следующие задачи:

1) Провести скрининг продуцентов лакказы среди грибов-базидиомицетов для отбора наиболее эффективного продуцента.

2) Изучить условия продуцирования лакказы отобранным штаммом гриба С. unicolor ВКМ F-3196 и определить оптимальный индуктор.

3) Разработать схему очистки двух изоформ лакказы С. unicolor ВКМ F-3196 и получить их препараты в электрофоретически гомогенном состоянии.

4) Изучить физико-химические и каталитические свойства очищенных ферментов.

5) Определить нуклеотидные и аминокислотные последовательности двух изоформ лакказы С. unicolor ВКМ F—3196.

6) Изучить структурную организацию двух изоформ лакказы С. unicolor ВКМ F

3196.

7) Оценить возможность применения лакказы С. unicolor ВКМ F-3196 в биотехнологии.

Научная новизна.

Впервые выделены две изоформы гриба базидиомицета С. unicolor ВКМ F-3196. Разработана схема очистки, позволяющая надежно разделять и получать с большим выходом две изоформы лакказы. Детально изучены их физико-химические и каталитические свойства. Определены неполные нуклеотидные и аминокислотные последовательности. Доказано, что изоферментный состав лакказы С. unicolor ВКМ F—3196 связан с наличием разных генов в геноме базидиомицета. Впервые определена экзон— интронная структура фрагмента гена лакказы С. unicolor ВКМ F-3196. Смоделирована и охарактеризована трехмерная структура двух изоформ лакказы С. unicolor.

Практическая значимость.

Показано, что одна из изоформ лакказы (ЬасС1) имеет высокую термостабильность, сохраняет активность при нейтральных значениях рН, обладает высокой каталитической активностью в отношении фенольных соединений, что определяет широкие возможности применения данного фермента в биотехнологических целях. На примере реакции фермента с высокотоксичным ксенобиотиком - пентахлорфенолом, показана возможность использования системы ЬасС 1 /1 -гидроксибензотриазол в качестве агентов первичной атаки при разработке технологических приемов очистки природных сред, загрязненных хлорфенолами. Показана возможность применения лакказы ЬасС1 в синтезе лигниноподобных водорастворимых полимеров, обладающих противовирусной активностью. Впервые показана антивирусная активность препаратов, полученных в реакциях сополимеризации с участием лакказы.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Биохимия», Лисова, Зоя Александровна

выводы

1. Проведен скрининг продуцентов лакказы среди 23 штаммов базидиомицетов. В качестве эффективного продуцента лакказы был отобран штамм С. unicolor ВКМ F-3196.

2. Изучен эффект индукторов различной химической природы на продукцию лакказы С. unicolor ВКМ F—3196. Лучшим индуктором оказались ионы Си2+ в концентрации 0,1 мМ, обеспечивающие почти 5000-кратное увеличение продукции лакказы.

3. Установлено, что при глубинном культивировании на среде Кирка с Си2+ в качестве индуктора лакказа С. unicolor ВКМ F—3196 продуцировалась в виде двух изоформ -LacCl и LacC2. Разработана схема очистки, позволяющая надежно разделять две изоформы лакказы с высоким выходом (33,5% для LacCl и 31% для LacC2).

4. Впервые охарактеризованы физико-химические и каталитические свойства двух изоформ лакказы С. unicolor ВКМ F-3196. Показано, что изоформа LacCl обладает более высокой термостабильностыо и эффективностью окисления фенольных субстратов, а также проявляет активность в более широком диапазоне рН.

5. Впервые определены нуклеотидные последовательности фрагментов генов двух изоформ лакказы С. unicolor ВКМ F—3196. Впервые определена экзон-интронная структура фрагмента гена лакказы С. unicolor ВКМ F-3196. На основе анализа нуклеотидных последовательностей фрагментов генов лакказ LacCl и LacC2 и соответствующих им аминокислотных последовательностей доказано, что LacCl и LacC2 — продукты разных генов.

6. Анализ трехмерных моделей LacCl и LacC2 подтвердил их принадлежность к типичным трехдоменным лакказам грибов.

7. Показана возможность практического применения LacCl в биотехнологии на примерах окисления пентахлорфенола системой лакказа/медиатор и синтеза лигниноподобных водорастворимых полимеров с антивирусной активностью.

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391. Автор приносит благодарность своему руководителю д.б.н. Алексею Аркадьевичу Леонтьевскому за предоставление темы диссертационной работы, благожелательное отношение, внимание, консультации и плодотворное обсуждение этапов работы.

392. Особую благодарность автор выражает любимому мужу Лисову Александру за любовь, заботу, терпение, моральную поддержку и вдохновение, участие и помощь в планировании экспериментальной работы, обсуждение результатов и ценные советы.

393. Особую благодарность автор выражает всем сотрудникам лаборатории микробной энзимологии за создание благоприятной эмоциональной атмосферы для выполнения работы, доброжелательное отношение, дружеское участие, поддержку и внимание.

394. Теплые слова благодарности автор выражает своим родителям, бабушке и сестре за понимание, поддержку, заботу и помощь.

395. Р1еигоШь сотисоргае ВКМ Р 1979

396. НеигоШ.ч ох/геМиэ ВКМ р 3468шпойегта 1ис1йит К\\-1125

397. Сапойсгта арр1апа1иэ ВКМ Р 3208

398. Agaricus ЬЬрогш ВКМ Р-15891. Тгате1ея эр.1. Ротеа/отеМагшэ ВКМ Р 32031. ПРйЛОЖЕ! 1ПЕ