Факторы и инструменты развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности в контексте Индустрии 4.0 тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 00.00.00, кандидат наук Ван Юйчань

• Ван Юйчань
• кандидат наук
• 2023

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Ван Юйчань

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

1 ТЕОРЕТИКО-КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ИНДУСТРИИ

1.1 Предпосылки развития высокотехнологичной промышленности и ее влияние на экономическую систему

1.2 Факторы развития высокотехнологичной промышленности: теоретический анализ

1.3. Теоретический базис развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности

1.4. Институциональные и технологические компоненты развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности

2 КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ И ФАКТОРЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНЫХ ОТРАСЛЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ В РАЗНЫХ СТРАНАХ МИРА

2.1 Мировой опыт развития высокотехнологичной промышленности

2.2 Эволюция индустрии высоких технологий в Китае: основные этапы . 103 и их особенности

2.3 Современное состояние и перспективы развития высокотехнологичной промышленности Китая

3 МОДЕЛЬНЫЙ АППАРАТ ОЦЕНКИ ФАКТОРОВ И КОМПЛЕКС ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ РАЗВИТИЯ ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНЫХ ОТРАСЛЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ В КИТАЕ

3.1 Инструментарий оценки факторов развития высокотехнологичной промышленности Китая

3.2 Прямые и косвенные инструменты развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности

3.3 Приоритетные направления и способы развития высокотехнологичной промышленности Китая в рамках промышленной политики

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Факторы и инструменты развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности в контексте Индустрии 4.0»

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Актуальность темы исследования. В условиях стремительного развития науки и технологий в настоящее время конкуренция крупнейших стран мира происходит посредством технологических инноваций, реализуемых в сфере высоких технологий. Различные государства активно принимают специальные меры и формируют индустриальную политику для стимулирования развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности, что способствует ускорению экономического роста, модернизации структуры экономики, созданию региональных точек роста, повышению уровня благосостояния населения и получению других положительных результатов. Активизация развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности является фактически основным универсальным стратегическим вектором индустриальной политики для большинства стран мира.

Важность приоритетного становления и развития именно высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности определяется их значительно более высоким потенциалом как в экономическом, так и в социальном контексте по сравнению с традиционными отраслями, характеризующимися использованием технологий более низкого уровня. Высокотехнологичные индустрии играют активную роль в содействии инновационной модернизации национальных и региональных промышленных структур и, благодаря этому, повышению их устойчивой конкурентоспособности и распространению аналогичных эффектов на экономику в целом.

При этом следует учитывать, что в настоящее время промышленное развитие находится под сильным трансформационным воздействием Четвертой промышленной революции - Индустрии 4.0. Происходящие изменения охватывают не только собственно промышленную сферу, но и всю экономическую систему, включая ее институциональное, организационное, техническое измерения. В этих условиях, с одной стороны, высокотехнологичные отрасли, которые продолжают реформироваться и уже являются новым поколением веду-

щих индустрий в экономиках различных стран, представляют собой ядро Индустрии 4.0. С другой стороны, учитывая высокую скорость, масштаб и взаимообусловленность происходящих трансформаций, а также ограниченные практические результаты в развитии высокотехнологичной промышленности в территориально-отраслевых аспектах, требуется новое научное осмысление процессов и механизмов развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности в условиях Индустрии 4.0.

Это свидетельствует о важности проведения исследования, нацеленного на выявление факторов и инструментов, оказывающих воздействие на развитие высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности в новых условиях, его теоретической и практической значимости в современной экономической ситуации, что определяет высокую актуальность выбранной темы диссертации.

Степень разработанности проблемы. В области изучения развития высокотехнологичной промышленности к настоящему моменту сформирована сильная теоретическая и практическая база междисциплинарного характера, накоплены многогранные и многоаспектные исследования по данной тематической сфере.

Теоретические основы развития высокотехнологичной промышленности через исследование инновационной деятельности, механизмов промышленной эволюции и революции, новых форм организации экономики были заложены такими учеными как С.Ю. Глазьев, Г.Б. Клейнер, Н. Кондратьев, М. Портер, Й. Шумпетер и др.

Исследование процессов и механизмов развития высокотехнологичных промышленных структур, в том числе с выделением факторов, особенно значимых в активации и повышении результативности и эффективности их деятельности, а также разработки соответствующих индикаторов оценки, проводили такие ученые как Л. Аабоен, Р. Гревал, Ю.Г. Дорошенко, Н.П. Макас, Г. Сай-бал, И.В. Сомина, С. Торнхилл, Р. Уинтерс, Дж. Фрэнсис, Дэвид М. Харт, Дж. Хилл, Б. Х. Холл, Р. Шрейдер и др.

Изучение влияния внешних факторов на развитие промышленных предприятий в высокотехнологичных отраслях, принимая во внимание перспективу перетока иностранного капитала, проводили такие ученые, как Б. Дж. Айткен, Дж. К. Ван, Х. Гао, С. Гирма, А. Фосфури, А.Э. Харрисон и др.

В свою очередь, Б. Альберто, Л.Ю. Ван, М.А. Гомес, Х. Жоонкюнг, Б. Кабрер-Боррас, П.М. Лаура, Л.Х. Ли, Л. Нандини, Г. Сайбал, Г. Серрано-Доминго, Ю.Д. Ху, Ю.В. Чжу и др. рассматривали развитие высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности, уделяя особенное внимание роли исследований и разработок и технологический инноваций, человеческого капитала, экономики знаний.

Исследование особенностей индустриального и неоиндустриального развития в условиях цифровой экономики и Индустрии 4.0, в том числе, в мезо-экономическом разрезе, реализовано в работах В.В. Акбердиной, Е.Г. Аними-цы, Л.Г. Матвеевой, А.Ю. Никитаевой, Н.В. Новиковой, Ю.В. Развадовской, О.А. Черновой, И.К. Шевченко и др. Изучение влияния среды и структуры экономики на развитие промышленных предприятий нашло отражение в работах Т.А. Самсоновой, О.А. Фесяновой и других ученых.

Различные аспекты формирования промышленной политики и ее инструментального наполнения в контексте развития высокотехнологичной промышленности раскрыли в своих работах С.А. Абука, С. Габси, Дж. Дж. Крейг, М.М. Куликов, А. Навас, С. Толкачев, С. Хармсе, П. Хофманн, Д. Чарницки, А. Чкир и др.

Несмотря на существенное количество работ в предметном поле исследования и глубокую проработанность проблематики развития высокотехнологичной промышленности, остается ряд проблем и вопросов, которые не получили достаточно полного решения. Значительное количество исследований рассматривает только один фактор или ограниченный набор факторов воздействия на высокотехнологичную промышленность. Недостаточно разработан инструментарий оценки факторов развития индустрии в территориальном разрезе, а также не в полной мере сформированы механизмы включения инструментов

активизации высокотехнологичных отраслей в национальную и региональную промышленную политику. Не в достаточной степени изучено и раскрыто влияние Индустрии 4.0 на высокотехнологичную промышленность, в том числе, в силу новизны происходящих изменений. Это определило постановку цели и задач исследования.

Цель и задачи исследования. Цель исследования - разработать теоретико-концептуальную базу, определить наиболее важные факторы и предложить набор целевых мер и соответствующих инструментов для развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности в условиях Индустрии 4.0. Для достижения поставленной цели были решены следующие задачи:

- Определить характеристики, результаты и императивы развития, текущий статус и роль высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности в национальной экономике и сформировать теоретическую основу изучения сферы высоких технологий в концептуальных и институциональных рамках Индустрии 4.0.

- Выявить основные факторы, оказывающие влияние на развитие высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности, провести их типологию и систематизацию на базе теоретического и сравнительного анализа с учетом мирового опыта осуществления процесса модернизации индустрии высоких технологий.

- Проанализировать эволюцию и определить основные этапы развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности Китая, определить особенности, возможности и ограничения их перспективного развития с учетом территориально-отраслевой дифференциации.

- Осуществить параметризацию, разработать и апробировать на примере регионов Китая инструментарий комплексной оценки факторов развития высокотехнологичной промышленности, позволяющий учитывать территориальную дифференциацию их воздействия.

- Разработать комплекс прямых и косвенных инструментов развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности и предложить приоритетные направления развития индустрии высокий технологий Китая с учетом возможности их встраивания в национальную и региональную промышленную политику.

Объект и предмет исследования. Объектом исследования являются высокотехнологичные отрасли промышленности в условиях Индустрии 4.0. Предметом исследования являются факторы, условия, инструменты и целевые меры развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности.

Исследование проводилось в соответствии с Паспортом специальности 5.2.3. Региональная и отраслевая экономика: Экономика промышленности: п. 2.1. Теоретико-методологические основы анализа проблем промышленного развития; п. 2.10. Промышленная политика.

Научная гипотеза. Гипотеза настоящего исследования заключается в том, что на фоне Индустрии 4.0 и новых задач экономического развития определяющую роль в достижении экономического роста и повышении конкурентоспособности национальных хозяйственных систем играют высокотехнологичные отрасли промышленности, что определяет важность их приоритетного стимулирования в рамках промышленной политики. При этом развитие высокотехнологичных индустрий происходит под влиянием различных факторов, имеющих разную степень и характер воздействия. Следовательно, определение эффективных инструментов развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности требует предварительного выявления и оценки факторов воздействия, изучения механизма их влияния за счет применения соответствующего инструментария. Для достижения большего эффекта требуется комплексная реализация инструментов развития высокотехнологичной промышленности на платформе национальной и региональной промышленной политики.

Теоретико-методологическая основа исследования сформирована на синтетической базе фундаментальных положения теории промышленной эволюции, теории промышленных революций, теории инноваций, теории промышленных кластеров, теории бизнес-инкубаторов, теории циклического развития экономики и теории технологических укладов. Методологической базой исследования послужила интеграция системного, сравнительного, структурно-функционального, институционального, эволюционного и нормативного подходов.

Инструментально-методический аппарат исследования формируют следующие методы решения исследовательских задач: методы категориального, системного, библиометрического, наукометрического анализа, методы типологии и классификации, метод научной абстракции (для поддержки теоретической рамки исследования), логические и аналитические методы (для обеспечения разумной последовательности шагов в ходе исследования), методы статистического, сравнительного анализа, индексный метод и панельные данные, методы эконометрического моделирования, индукция, графические методы (для анализа эмпирических данных и предложения нового инструментария для оценки развития высокотехнологичных отраслей). В диссертации для применения методов количественного и качественного анализа используется программное обеспечение STATA, ARCGIS, SPSS, Citespace, EXCEL.

Информационно-эмпирическая база исследования сформирована на основе материалов, теоретических положений и эмпирических данных, содержащихся в следующих источниках информации и базах данных: Springerlink, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, GoogleScholar, Китайская национальная инфраструктура знаний (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, (CNKI), Национальное бюро статистики Китая, Всемирный банк, Статистические сборники и ежегодники Китая, в том числе региональные (за период с 2012 по 2021 гг.), Сеть статистики науки и техники Китая, Федеральная служба государственной статистики РФ и других источниках.

Научная новизна диссертационного исследования заключается в авторском обосновании теоретико-концептуальных положений, определении и оценке факторов и разработке комплекса инструментов развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности в ходе Индустрии 4.0.

К числу положений, содержащих элементы приращения научного знания, относятся следующие:

1. Определены ключевые направления научных исследований в предметной области, что позволило установить теоретические рамки изучения высокотехнологичной промышленности в контексте Индустрии 4.0 и обосновать

целесообразность комплексного применения положений теорий инноваций (инновации как драйвер индустриальных преобразований), промышленных кластеров (кластеры как эффективные формы организации индустрии с региональной привязкой), бизнес-инкубаторов (как комплексного инструмента выращивания высокотехнологичных зон промышленности) и промышленных революций (в части Индустрии 4.0) для формирования концептуальной основы и логической схемы развития высокотехнологичных отраслей. Уточнены теоретико-концептуальные представления о развитии высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности в новых экономико-технологических условиях за счет обоснования взаимосвязи и взаимовлияния высокотехнологичной сферы и экономической системы в целом.

2. По результатам теоретического анализа выявлены, типологизированы и систематизированы ключевые факторы, влияющие на развитие высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности. Показано, что воздействие внутренних (научные исследования и разработки, инновации, человеческий капитал, структура капитала и т.д.) и внешних (географические условия, внешняя среда, промышленная политика, открытость экономики для иностранного капитала и т.д.) факторов развития предприятий высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности, включая характер и силу влияния, не имеет однозначной интерпретации в соответствии с результатами различных исследований, но можно выделить универсальные средства активизации приоритетного развития промышленности.

3. Определены основные этапы эволюции индустрии высоких технологий Китая, что позволило выявить их основные характеристики и установить возможности, ограничения и перспективы развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности указанной страны с учетом достигнутых результатов и действующей промышленной политики. На основе статистического анализа, расчета уровня пространственной концентрации отраслей высокотехнологичной промышленности (пространственного коэффициента Джини), а также оценки энтропии месторасположения высокотехнологичных производств Китая доказана их высокая региональная дифференциация, выявлено дублирование

отраслевых производств в регионах, идентифицирован дисбаланс во внутренней структуре высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности и в распределении высокотехнологичных зон.

4. Разработан и апробирован на примере провинций Китая инструментарий оценки факторов развития высокотехнологичной промышленности с использованием панельных данных. Для оценки факторов финансирования, человеческого капитала, трансфера знаний, носителей инноваций, уровня регионального развития, степени открытости внешнему миру и вмешательства правительства были определены переменные и соответствующие им индикаторы, по которым была сформирована база данных. Панельное исследование агрегированных данных с помощью программного продукта STATA доказало, что переменными (и, соответственно, факторами), которые существенно влияют на развитие высокотехнологичных отраслей Китая в территориальном контексте, являются трудовые ресурсы, распространение знаний, носитель инноваций, уровень регионального развития и открытость экономики.

5. Сформирован комплекс прямых и косвенных инструментов развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности Китая. Обоснована целесообразность использования бизнес-инкубаторов во всех ключевых формах их функционирования (бизнес-инкубаторы, технологические центры, научно-технические парки, центры обслуживания предпринимателей в сфере высоких технологий и т.д.) в качестве прямых инструментов активизации развития высокотехнологичной промышленности. Определено, что в качестве косвенных средств воздействия целесообразно рассматривать те инструменты, которые оказывают существенное влияние на наиболее значимые факторы развития высокотехнологичной промышленности, что позволило выделить в качестве таких инструментов университеты, создание единого информационного пространства, 5G как сквозную технологию Индустрии 4.0 и т.д. С учетом этого определены приоритетные направления и пути развития высокотехнологичной промышленности в Китае для формирования промышленной политики на национальном и региональном уровне.

Теоретическая значимость. Теоретическая значимость исследования заключается в развитии теоретико-концептуальных представлений о развитии высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности и их роли в современных условиях за счет уточнения категориального аппарата и концептуальных рамок исследования, определения признаков высокотехнологичных индустрий, установления содержания их институционализации при полиаспектном рассмотрении Индустрии 4.0 как Четвертой промышленной революции и новой промышленной политики. Результаты диссертационного исследования могут найти применение в качестве методологической основы для оценки, планирования и прогнозирования развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности с учетом их территориальных особенностей.

Практическая значимость. Изучение и оценка в диссертации факторов и инструментов воздействия на высокотехнологичный сектор экономики способствует более рациональному развитию высокотехнологичной промышленности Китая, поскольку выводы базируются на эмпирической проверке полученных теоретических положений. На основе анализа структуры и пространственного распределения высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности Китая в исследовании было доказано, что каждый регион должен развивать высокотехнологичную промышленность в соответствии с локальными условиями и особенностями с учетом зависимости от пройденного пути. Восточный регион продолжает в полной мере использовать ведущие преимущества высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности, тогда как центральные, западные и северо-восточные районы могут использовать новые технологии для преобразования традиционных отраслей промышленности, осуществлять корректировку промышленной структуры и модернизацию промышленности, избегая повторного строительства индустрий более низкого технологического уровня, сосредоточиться на экологических аспектах индустриализации, улучшить экономические выгоды и увеличить добавленную стоимость производимой продукции, что позволит обеспечить скачкообразное развитие отсталых районов, сократить разрыв между богатыми и бедными регионами. Предложенные в диссертации

принципы размещения и меры по созданию высокотехнологичных индустриальных парков, совершенствованию политической поддержки и активизации системы технологических инноваций, которые необходимы для развития высокотехнологичных отраслей, могут стать основой корректировки промышленной политики на разных уровнях иерархии экономики.

Апробация результатов исследования. На всех стадиях исследование проводилось в соответствии с основными правилами экономической науки, при последовательном использовании адекватных методов для получения достоверных и обоснованных результатов диссертационной работы. Все основные этапные результаты были последовательно представлены на научно-практических конференциях всероссийского и международного уровня, проходивших в Москве, Ростове-на-Дону, Екатеринбурге, Красноярске в 2020 - 2023 гг., а также опубликованы в виде научных статей и разделов монографий.

Результаты исследования нашли применение в учебном процессе на экономическом факультете Южного федерального университета в рамках дисциплины магистратуры «Кластеры, сети и партнерства в цифровой экономике».

Публикации. Результаты диссертационного исследования опубликованы в 13 научных работах, 2 из которых индексированы в Scopus, 5 статей в журналах, входящих в «Перечень рецензируемых научных изданий, в которых должны быть опубликованы основные научные результаты диссертаций на соискание учёной степени кандидата наук, на соискание учёной степени доктора наук» ЮФУ, общим объемом - 9,48 п.л., в том числе лично авторский вклад составляет 8,46 п.л.

Структура и объем диссертации. Диссертация включает в себя введение, три главы, объединяющие 10 разделов, заключение и список использованных источников, насчитывающий 263 наименования. Работа проиллюстрирована 28 таблицами и 27 рисунками. Объем диссертации составляет 238 страниц.

1 ТЕОРЕТИКО-КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ

ИНДУСТРИИ 4.0

1.1 Предпосылки развития высокотехнологичной промышленности и ее влияние на экономическую систему

В современную эпоху Индустрии 4.0, обозначающей Четвертую промышленную революцию, главной движущей силой экономического роста и развития (в глобальном контексте с учетом специфики страновой дифференциации) выступают высокотехнологичные отрасли промышленности. В условиях стремительного развития науки и техники в настоящее время конкуренция крупнейших стран мира происходит на уровне технологических инноваций и новых решений, реализуемых в сфере высоких технологий. Таким образом, высокотехнологичные индустрии и смежные области экономической деятельности представляют собой широкое поле для конкуренции между странами, внося решающий вклад в реализацию стремления крупнейших мировых экономик захватить лидирующие позиции на новом витке научно-технической революции.

В условиях жесткой конкуренции на международном рынке развитые страны мира стремятся в кратчайшие сроки захватить командные высоты в сфере науки и техники, повысить общий национальный экономический и технологический потенциал, чтобы занять активные лидирующие позиции. Оценивая современную ситуацию в мире, можно заметить, что уровень благосостояния населения чаще повышается в странах и регионах, обладающих знаниями и технологическими преимуществами. Тот, кто на сегодняшний день наиболее успешен в сфере высоких технологий, займет лидирующие позиции в вопросах не только их развития, но и экономического развития и роста в более широком контексте.

В условиях возникшей и все еще оказывающей воздействие эпидемии СОУГО-19, нестабильного мирового социального развития, политической си-

туации и замедления экономического роста, конкуренция между регионами мира больше связывается не с традиционными факторами производства, такими как земля и рабочая сила. Вместо этого фокус сдвигается на такие сферы, как предпринимательские способности, технологии и информация. Поэтому ускорение развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности стало важным мировым вектором трансформации экономических систем, получившим поддержку (и финансовую, и стратегическую) со стороны правительств. Высокотехнологичные отрасли промышленности развиваются и расширяются в настоящее время.

Страны по всему миру продолжают формулировать одну за другой стратегии высокотехнологичного и нового индустриального развития, ищут наиболее действенные модели промышленной политики, позволяющие решать ключевую задачу стимулирования высокотехнологичных и наукоемких отраслей промышленности1. В данной сфере возникают все новые задачи. Например, актуализируются вопросы определения и оценки эффективности интеграции секторов национальной экономики в глобальные цепочки создания стоимости, особенно в высокотехнологичной промышленности2.

Стремительное развитие науки и техники происходит в эпоху Индустрии 4.0, которая сама выступает важным фактором реформирования высокотехнологичных отраслей , становящихся ключевыми отраслями посредством и в которых реализуется международная конкуренция и новые возможности. При этом развитие высокотехнологичной промышленности и механизмы принятия соответствующих мер рассматриваются как на макро- так и на мезо-уровне экономики - на уровне отраслей и регионов. С точки зрения регулирования и управления мезоэкономическая система играет важную роль в современном экономическом развитии. Являясь одним из проявлений мезоэконо-мической системы, высокотехнологичные отрасли обладают большим потен-

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2 Tolkachev S. A. Macroeconomic efficiency of the integration of high-tech industries into global value chains // 6th International Research & Practice Conference-Biennale SAE-2020. 2020. P. 148-151.

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циалом в качестве точек и центров экономического развития4. Информационные технологии и технологии производства новых материалов продолжают играть ведущую роль в современной промышленности. Сфера биотехнологий достигла беспрецедентного развития и стала ядром будущих высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности и одним их ключевых технологических фронтиров, а новые энергетические технологии сохраняют в современных условиях статус передовой области быстрого развития5.

Высокотехнологичные отрасли промышленности, как важный фактор, влияющий на изменения в мировой экономике и политической структуре, являются значимой составляющей для продвижения развитыми странами экономической глобализации. Опираясь на собственную экономику и преимущества технологических и наукоемких отраслей, развитые страны рассматривают усовершенствование высоких технологий и новую индустриализацию в качестве основного средства захвата стратегических командных высот в экономическом смысле. Увеличение инвестиций в исследования и разработки и ускорение развития высокотехнологичных отраслей промышленности приводит к тому, что степень высокотехнологичной индустриализации становится все выше, а ее вклад в экономический рост увеличивается до 90%6.

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Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «SOUTHERN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY»

On the rights of the manuscript

Wang Yuchan

FACTORS AND TOOLS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRY 4.0

Specialty 5.2.3. - Regional and sectoral economy (industrial economics)

DISSERTATION FOR THE ACADEMIC DEGREE OF A CANDIDATE OF SCIENCES IN ECONOMICS

Scientific advisor Doctor of Sciences in Economics, Professor

Nikitaeva A. Yu.

Rostov-on-Don - 2023

INTRODUCTION

CONTENTS

3

1. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRY 4.0.......12

1.1 Prerequisites for the development of high-tech industry and its impact on the economic system..................................................................................................12

1.2 Factors of development of high-tech industry: theoretical analysis..............27

1.3 Theoretical basis for the development of high-tech industries......................50

1.4 Institutional and technological components of the development of high-tech industries...............................................................................................................63

2. KEY CHARACTERISTICS AND FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHTECH INDUSTRIES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD............77

2.1 World experience in the development of high-tech industry.........................77

2.2 Evolution of high-tech industry in China: the main stages and their features ...............................................................................................................................90

2.3 Current state and prospects of development of high-tech industry in China .............................................................................................................................100

3. MODEL APPARATUS FOR ASSESSING FACTORS AND THE SET OF TOOLS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES IN

CHINA...................................................................................................................122

3.1 Tools for assessing factors of the development of China's high-tech industry .............................................................................................................................122

3.2 Direct and indirect tools for the development of high-tech industries........143

3.3 Priority directions and ways of the development of high-tech industry within the framework of industrial policy.....................................................................164

CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................177

LIST OF USED SOURCES..................................................................................183

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the study. Today is an era of rapid scientific and technological development, and the world's power countries are competing in the field of high technology through technological innovations. Various countries are actively taking special measures and forming industrial policies to promote how to develop high-tech industries better and faster, which contributes to accelerating economic growth, modernizing the overall economic structure, creating regional growth points, improving the welfare of the population, and obtaining other positive results. The intensification of the problem of how to develop high-tech industries is actually the main universal strategic vector of industrial policy for the vast majority of countries.

In the development of the economy and social sphere, compared with traditional industries characterized by the use of low-level technology, the importance of prioritizing the creation and upgrading of high-tech industries depends on their significant and higher potential. In aspects of national and regional industrial structures, high-tech industries play a positive role in promoting their modernization of innovation and, thanks to this, increasing their continuous competitiveness and disseminating equivalent effects on the overall economy.

During the process of studying high-tech industries, we should always remember that industrial development is currently under the strong transformational impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, or Industry 4.0. The changes taking place cover not only the industrial sphere itself, but also the entire economic system, including its institutional, organizational, and technical dimensions. In these conditions, high-tech industries, which continue to reform and are already a new generation of leading industries in the economies of various countries, represent the core content of Industry 4.0. Besides this, given the high speed, scale, and interdependence of the ongoing transformations, as well as the limited practical results in the development of high-tech industries from the perspective of national economy, region and branch, there is a need of a new scientific understanding of the

mechanisms and development process of high-tech industry in the era of Industry 4.0.

So in the condition of new environment, if we do research about the development problems in high-tech industry in order to recognize the factors and elements that have a significant influence on high-tech industry as the aims, it will have a theoretical and practical role, so there is a highly relevant relationship between the selection of the topic of our dissertation and the current economic situation.

The degree of elaboration of the problem. On the subject of the improvement of high-tech industry, a strong interdisciplinary theoretical and practical foundation has been formed, and multifaceted and multidimensional research on this thematic area has been accumulated.

In the modern industrial economics the theory of innovation, the theory of industrial evolution and revolution, and the mechanism of the evolution of industry are becoming the theoretical foundation of high-tech industries. Through the study of these theories, new forms of economic organization and development were laid by such scientists as S.Y Glazyev, G.B. Kleiner, N. Kondratiev, M. Porter, J. Schumpeter, etc.

In the research on the processes of the industrial development and mechanisms of its implementation, some scholars have identified important factors in activating and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of industrial activities as well as indicators that can help to evaluate their impact. These scholars include L. Aaboen, R. Greval, YA. Doroshenko, N.P. Macas, G. Saibal, I.V Somina, S. Thornhill, R. Winters, J. Francis, David M. Hart, J. Hill, B. H. Hall, and R. Schrader, among others.

The research on the effect of the external environment on industrial companies in the sphere of high-tech industry, while considering the outlook of the flow of foreign capital, was carried out by such scientists as B. J. Aitken, J. K. Wang, H. Gao, S. Herma, A. Phosphorus, A. E. Harrison, etc.

In turn, B. Alberto, L. Yu. Wang, M. A. Gomez, H. Jungkyung, B. Cabrer-Borras, P. M. Laura, L. H. Li, L. Nandini, G. Saibal, G. Serrano-Domingo, Yu.D. Hu, Yu.V. Zhu, and others considered how to develop high-tech, paying special attention to the roles of research and development, technological innovation, human capital,

and knowledge economy.

The study of the features of industrial and neo-industrial development and Industry 4.0, including in the mesoeconomical context, is implemented in the works of V.V. Akberdina, E.G. Animitsa, L.G. Matveeva, A.Y Nikitaeva, N.V. Novikova, YV. Razvadovskaya, O.A. Chernova, I.K. Shevchenko, and others. In the aspects of the study on the influence of environment and economic structure on industrial enterprise development, some research was carried out by scholars, covering T.A. Samsonova, O.A. Fesyanova, and others.

In the context of industrial development, various sides of the creation of industrial policy and its instrumental content were revealed in their works by S.A. Abuka, S. Gabsi, J.J. Craig, M.M. Kulikov, A. Navas, S. Tolkachev, S. Harmse, P. Hoffman, D. Czarnecki, A. Kir, and others.

In the area of research subjects, although there are lots of publications with in-depth elaboration on the problem of high-tech industry development, there are still some problems that have not been resolved completely enough. Only one indicator, or limited set of indicators that have influence on high-tech industry are considered in amount of research in existing publications. At the regional level, elements that can be developed into tools to assess the indicators of industrial development and special measures for setting of mechanisms of activating the improvement of high-tech industry within the national and regional industrial policy have not been sufficiently developed. The impact of Industry 4.0 on the high-tech industry is not fully disclosed, including its novelty due to ongoing changes, which determine the goal and objectives of the dissertation.

Purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the study is to build a theoretical and conceptual framework, identify the most important factors, and propose a set of targeted measures and appropriate tools for high-tech industries development in the context of Industry 4.0.

For achieving the goal, the objectives as following were completed.

- To investigate the characteristics, results and imperatives of development, the current status and potential roles of high-tech industries in the economy, and to

establish a theoretical platform for studying the field of high technologies in correspondence to new industrial development in the conceptual and institutional framework of Industry 4.0.

- To find the key factors that determine the high-tech industries' progress and to carry out their typology and systematization on the basis of theoretical and comparative analysis, taking into account world experience in the promoting the process of high-tech industries' modernization.

- To analyze the evolution and determine the main stages of development of high-tech industries in China, to determine the features, opportunities and limitations of their long-term development, taking into account territorial and sectoral differentiation.

- To carry out parameterization, develop and test, using the example of China's regions, a toolkit for a comprehensive assessment of indicators on the problem of developing high-tech industry while considering the difference in influence of these indicators in different regions.

- To develop a set of direct and indirect tools on the problem of developing hightech industry and put forward to superior ways, while taking into account the possibility of integrating them into national and regional industrial policies.

Research objectives and subjects. The object of the research is high-tech industries under the conditions of Industry 4.0. The subject of the research is represented by factors, conditions, tools and targeted measures of development of high-tech industries.

Research was performed in compliance with the Passport of the specialty 5.2.3. Regional and sectoral economy: Industrial economics: Item 2.1. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the analysis of industrial development problems. Item 2.10. Industrial policy.

Research hypothesis. The hypothesis of this study is that, under the background of Industry 4.0 and new challenges for economic improvement, there is a close relationship between high-tech industry and the overall economy that is

favorable to the growth of the economy and the improvement of national

6

competitiveness in the economic system. So in the industrial policy framework, there is a significance of prioritized stimulation of high-tech industries. In addition, the problem of developing a high-tech industry is affected by various factors that have different degrees and natures of impact. Consequently, the definition of effective tools for the problem of developing high-tech industry requires the preliminary identification and assessment of impact factors and the mechanism of their influence through the use of appropriate tools. To achieve a greater effect, a comprehensive implementation of high-tech industry development tools on the platform of national and regional industrial policy is required.

Theoretical and methodological basis of the study was build on synthesis base of theories of industrial evolution and revolutions, the theory of innovations, the theories of industrial clusters and business incubators, the theory of cyclical economic development and the theory of technological patterns. In this study, the basis of methodology was established by the integration of system, comparative, structural-functional, institutional, evolutionary and normative approaches.

Instrumental base and methods of the study. The following methods were used to solve the research objectives: categorical, systematic, scientometric analysis, methods of scientific abstraction, typology and classification (to support theoretical framework of the research problem); logical and analytical methods (to provide the a reasonable sequence of steps during the study); statistical, comparative analysis, index method and panel data, methods of econometric modeling and induction methods, graphical methods (to analyze empirical data and suggest new toolkit for high-tech industries development evaluation). In the dissertation, we use STATA, ARCGIS, SPSS, Citespace, EXCEL software to apply quantitative and qualitative analysis methods.

Information and empirical base of the study was established by materials, theoretical propositions and empirical data from databases and information sources, covering: Springerlink, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, GoogleScholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Statistics Bureau of China, World Development Bank, statistical collections and Yearbooks of China, including regional ones (for the

period from 2012 to 2021).), Network Statistics of Science and Technology of China, Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and other recourses.

The scientific novelty of the research. The scientific novelty of the dissertation research lies in the author's substantiation of a theoretical and conceptual framework, the identification and evaluation of factors, and the creation of a set of tools for the development of high-tech industries in the context of Industry 4.0.

Among the provisions containing elements of increment of scientific knowledge are the following:

1. The key directions of scientific research in the subject area were identified, which allowed to establish the theoretical framework for the study of high-tech industry in the context of Industry 4.0 and to justify the expediency of the integrated application of the provisions of the theories of innovation (innovation as a driver of industrial transformation), industrial clusters (clusters as effective forms of industry organization with regional reference), business incubators (as a complex tool for growing high-tech zones) and industrial revolutions (in terms of Industry 4.0) to build a framework of conception, theory and logic of industrial development. The theoretical and conceptual base about the development of high-tech industries under the new economic, technological, environmental, social imperatives is clarified by substantiating the relationship and mutual influence of the high-tech sphere and the economic system.

2. The main factors affecting the problems of developing high-tech industries are identified, typologized, and systematized by the results of theoretical analyses. It is shown that the impact of internal (research and development, innovation, human capital, capital structure, etc.) and external (geographical conditions, external environment, industrial policy, economic openness degree to foreign investment, etc.) factors on the problem of improving enterprises of high-tech industries, including the nature and strength of influence, has no unambiguous interpretation in accordance with the results of various studies, but it is possible to single out universal means of activating the priority development of industry.

3. Based on the research of the evolution of China's high-tech industry, we identified its main stages, which allowed us to recognize the main features of them, find the opportunities and limitations for improvement, and build prospects on the problem of the development of the high-tech industry in China considering the obtained results and the current industrial policy. According to the analysis of statistics, the calculation of the level of spatial concentration of high-tech industries (the spatial Gini coefficient), as well as an assessment of the location entropy of high-tech industries in China, the high level of regional differentiation is proved, while to find the construction of industrial duplication among regions, an internal unbalanced structure of high-tech industry, and the distribution of high-tech zones are identified.

4. To develop a toolkit for evaluation of the factors of high-tech development (financing, human capital, knowledge transfer, innovation carriers, the level of regional development, the degree of openness to the outside world, and government intervention), variables and corresponding indicators were identified, according to which a database was formed. A panel study of aggregated data using the STATA software product proved that the variables (and, accordingly, factors) that significantly affect the development of China's high-tech industries in a territorial context are labor resources, knowledge transfer, the carrier of innovation, the level of the regional economy, and the openness of the economy.

5. A complex of direct and indirect tools for the development of high-tech industries in China has been built. The expediency of using business incubators in all key forms of their functioning (business incubators, technology centers, science and technology parks, service centers for entrepreneurs in the field of high technologies, etc.) as direct tools for activating the development of high-tech industry is substantiated. It is determined that, as an indirect means of influence, it is advisable to consider those tools that have a significant impact on the most important factors in the development of high-tech industries, which made it possible to identify universities as such tools, the creation of a common information space, 5G as a cutting-edge technology of Industry 4.0, etc. With this in mind, priority directions and

ways of developing high-tech industry in China have been identified for the formation of industrial policy at the national and regional levels.

Theoretical significance. In the research, the significance of theory depend on the explanation of ideas of theory and conception about the problem of developing high-tech industry, we have clarified the classified tools under the framework of conception, had a precise identification of the characteristics on the high-tech industry, developed the content of their institutionalization in the multidimensional consideration of Industry 4.0 as the Fourth Industrial Revolution and new industrial policy. The conclusions made in this dissertation, we can use them as theoretical foundations to further improve the high-tech industries. The results of the dissertation research can be used as a methodological basis for assessing, planning and forecasting on the problem of developing high-tech industry, taking into account their territorial characteristics.

Practical significance. In the dissertation, the study and assessment of factors and tools on economical sectors of high-tech, is helpful to improve rationally of hightech industry of China, since it is based on empirical verification of the theoretical provisions obtained. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of structure and spatial layout, the study proved that each region should develop high-tech industry in accordance with local conditions and characteristics, while considering the effect of path-dependence. The eastern region continues to take full leading-edge, while the central, western and northeastern regions can use new technologies to transform traditional industries, to improve the structure of industry to achieve the goals of industrial modernization, to avoid repeated construction of low-level technology of industries, pay attention to industrial environmental, improve the value added of manufactured goods, and enlarge the benefits of economy, which will ensure the rapid development of backward areas, reduce the gap between rich and poor regions. The principles of placement and measures proposed in the dissertation for the creation of high-tech industrial zones, increase the measures of policy support from the government, activate the technological innovation system necessary for the development of high-tech industries, stimulating necessary technological innovation

systems on the problem of developing high-tech industries, all these are considered as foundations to adjust corresponding polices of industry at different hierarchy of the economy.

Degree of reliability, approbation of research results. At all stages of implementation, the dissertation research was conducted in accordance with the rules of scientific research using appropriate methods and the application of reliable data, which was confirmed by their verification. All the main milestone results were consistently presented at all-Russian and international conferences of science and practice, held in Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Yekaterinburg, Krasnoyarsk in 2020-2023, and also published in the form of scientific articles and chapters of monographs.

Some obtained results from the dissertation were implemented during the process of education at the Faculty of Economics in Southern Federal University, in the framework of Master's degree discipline "Clusters, Networks and Partnerships in the Digital Economy".

Publications. All main obtained results from the dissertation, were published by 13 scientific publications, including 2 Scopus papers, 5 papers from journals that are included in "The list of peer-reviewed scientific publications in which the main scientific results of dissertations for the degree of candidate of sciences, for the degree of Doctor of sciences should be published ", with a total volume of 9,48 pp., including personally the author's contribution of 8,46 pp.

The structure and scope of dissertation. In the dissertation there are an introduction, three chapters combining 10 sections, a conclusion and a list of references with 263 items. This work contains 28 tables and 27 figures. The volume of the dissertation is 208 pages.

1. THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRY 4.0

1.1 Prerequisites for the development of high-tech industry and its impact on

the economic system

Under the background of Industry 4.0, which marks the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the main driving force of economic growth and development (in a global context, taking into account the specifics of country differentiation) are high-tech industries. In the conditions of rapid development of science and technology, the competition of the largest countries of the world is currently taking place at the level of technological innovations and new solutions implemented in the field of high technologies. Thus, high-tech industries and related areas of economic activity represent a wide field for competition between countries, making a decisive contribution to the realization of the aspirations of the world's largest economies to seize leading positions in a new round of scientific and technological revolution.

In the tough competition of international market, the developed countries are striving to seize commanding heights in the field of science and technology in the shortest possible time, increase the overall national economic and technological potential to take a place in the leading positions. Assessing the state of the world, we can find that the welfare of population is increasing more often in countries and regions with knowledge and technological advantages. The one who is currently the most successful in the field of high technologies will take a leading position in matters not only of their development, but also growth and improvement of economies in a broader context.

Under the background of the COVID-19 epidemic that has arisen and is still having an impact, unstable global social development, the political situation and slowing economic growth, competition between regions of the world is no longer associated with traditional factors of production, such as land and labor. Instead,

the focus is shifting to areas such as entrepreneurial ability, technology and information. Therefore, the acceleration of the development of high-tech industries has become an important global vector of transformation of economic systems, which has received support (both financial and strategic) from governments. Hightech industries are currently developing and expanding.

Countries around the world continue to formulate strategies for high-tech and new industrial development one after another, looking for the most effective models of industrial policy to solve the key task of stimulating high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries1. New challenges are emerging in this field. For example, identifying and assessing the effectiveness of the integration of national economic sectors into GVCS (global value chains), which is being upgraded, especially in high-tech industry2.

Science and technology are developing in a faster and faster pace in the era of Industry 4.0, which is an important factor to reform of high-tech industries3, which are becoming key industries through and in which international competition and new opportunities are realized. At the same time, the development of hightech industry and the mechanisms for taking appropriate measures are considered both at the macro and meso-levels of the economy-at the level of industries and regions. From the pointview of management and regulation, mesoeconomic system plays a crucial part in the development of modern economic. As one of the manifestations of the mesoeconomic system, high-tech industries have great potential as points and centers of economic development4. Information technology and technologies for the production of new materials continue to play a leading role in modern industry. The sphere of biotechnologies has reached unprecedented development and has become the core of future high-tech industries and one of the

1 Peng L., Tan S. Z. High-tech industry development policies of major countries in the world and its enlightenment to China // China Economic & Trade Herald. 2005. No. 15. P. 27-29.

2 Tolkachev S. A. Macroeconomic efficiency of the integration of high-tech industries into global value chains // 6th International Research & Practice Conference-Biennale SAE-2020. 2020. P. 148-151.

3 Hu Q. German. Industry 4.0: New challenges and opportunities for China's manufacturing industry // China Plant Engineering. 2015. No. 1. P. 20-23.

4 Nikitaeva A. Y. Objective and Subjective Aspects of Decision Making Support at the Mesoeconomic Level // In I. Management Association (Ed.), Foreign Direct Investments: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. IGI Global. 2020. P. 882-914

key technological frontiers, and new energy technologies retain the status of an advanced area of rapid development in modern conditions5.

High-tech industries, as an important factor influencing changes in the global economy and political structure, are a significant component for the promotion of economic globalization by developed countries. Relying on their own economy and the advantages of technological and knowledge-intensive industries, developed countries consider the improvement of high technologies and new industrialization as the main means of capturing strategic commanding heights from the economic side. The increase in investment in R&D and the acceleration of industries development leads to the fact that the degree of high-tech industrialization is becoming higher, and its contribution to the economic growth is increasing to 90%6.

For their own interests, a huge number of developing countries are also actively participating in fierce international competition in the field of high technology, taking full advantage of their advantages in this environment, focusing on using financial, material and labor resources to develop their own high-tech industries in order to take a place in the international arena. Rapidly developing high-tech industries are the shortest way for developing countries to revive their own economies. Some new industrial countries and regions, especially Southeast Asia, have become the main regions of high-tech production7.

In general, as countries began to invest in scientific and technological innovations, in recent years, high-tech industries have achieved rapid development worldwide, and high-tech industrialization and economic integration have become important features of modern world economic development. The widespread dynamic development of high-tech industries acts as the main driving force of economic growth in the modern world and also serves as the main starting point for economic growth and development of some countries8.

5 Chen J. F. The development trend of science and technology in the 21st century // Future and development, 1998. No. 3. P. 49-52.

6 Mu R. P., Zhang J. C., Wang T., Su N., Du P., & Lin J. 2019 High Technology Development Report. Institute of Science and Technology Strategic Consulting, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2020-04-01.

7 Chen Y. T., Wu Z., Fan Y. C, Jin C. F. An empirical analysis of the industrialization level measurement of emerging economies // Science Research Management. 2017. No. 3. P. 77-85.

8 Xie W. J. Analysis of influencing factors of high-tech industry agglomeration development // Shandong

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International competitiveness largely reflects the economic power and growth potential of a country. Against the backdrop of global economic modernization, high-tech industries continue to flourish, are becoming a new generation of pillar industries that guarantee the economic growth in the world. High-tech industries also give impetus to the development of related areas, thereby influencing economic system as a whole.

Due to the huge market potential of high-tech industries, which bring higher economic and social benefits, than conventional industries, they play a positive taking an active role in improving the modernization of industrial complexes and structures in nations and regions, expanding the sustainable competitiveness of economy. This determines the importance of conducting research in the field of determining significant factors of development and ways to stimulate high-tech industry, combined on the platform of sound industrial policy.

Research in the field of industrial development and its high-tech industries has for a long time occupied an important place in the industrial economy, while attracting the attention of scientists.

Marx believed that with the acquisition of new productive forces, people will change their way of production, and with the change in the way of production, people will also reform their social relations9.

According to Zhang T. B., Fan Q. Q., the rapid development of modern high technologies not only increases the productivity level of human society and promotes economic reforms and development, but also penetrates into all spheres of public life, such as ideology, culture and social life, which ultimately leads to the transformation and development of the whole society10.

From the pointview of the content of economic research, high-tech industries are an important part of the industrial economy. The level of its development is an important symbol of the strength of a country's competitiveness,

University of Finance and Economics. 2016.

9 Yi J. L. Cohen's view of socialist equality and its contemporary enlightenment // Scientific Socialism. 2021. No. 6. P. 139-145.

10 Zhang T. B., Fan Q. Q. Gradient changes and influencing factors of regional development levels of China's hightech industries // Quantitative and Technical Economics Research. 2010. No. 11. P. 52-65. doi:10.13653/j.cnki.jqte.2010.11.00.

as well as significant support for the economic growth of countries around the world.

As noted earlier, the development of high-tech industries stimulates economic growth. Science and technology are primary productive forces11, the rapid expansion of that contributes to closer connection with the development of economy, thus becoming its primary impulse. The dedication of technological advancement to the growth of economy has outreached the role of capital and labor. Moreover, at present, it is also a leading factor for ensuring growth in economic society, especially in developed countries12. According to research conducted in recent years, science and technology, as well as investments in fixed assets (directly related to the hightech industry) have made a major contribution to the growth of China's economy from the late 1980s to 2017-2018 (the time spread is explained here by the different coverage of empirical data in the cited studies)13. Since 2017, innovation, technological change and human capital have been seen as the main drivers of economic growth in China14.

When high-tech achievements are applied to actual production, they will play a role in promoting economic growth through different ways and means. So, developing high-tech industries has already contributed to the transformation and development of means and objects of labor, thereby increasing the production capacity and productivity of existing industrial sectors and increasing the output of the entire economy. In addition, developing high-tech industry can also lead to changes in the organization of social production and management methods, resulting in a new economic form marked by new organizational methods and management methods that will lead to an increase in the efficiency of social production.

11 Xue F. F. A discussion of the social transformation effect of "science and technology are primary productive forces" // Journal of Green Science and Technology. 2014. No.10. P. 289-291.

12 Yi Q. F. Research on the mechanism and contribution of technological progress to economic growth // Central South University. 2004.

13 Zheng S. L., Zhang M. C. Estimated contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to China's economic growth: 1990 to 2017 // World Economy. 2019. Vol. 42. No.10. P. 73-97; Liu Z., Niu J. The calculation and analysis of the contribution rate of technological progress to economic growth: Based on the data of Hunan Province from 1983 to 2018 // Journal of Jiaozuo University. 2021. Vol. 35. No. 01. P. 59-63; Lu W., Zhang R., Bai X. Research into the contribution rate of technological progress to the industrial economic growth of Xinjiang // E3S Web Conf. 2021. 275. 01053.

14 Song, L. G., Garnaut R., Cai .F., Johnston L., eds. China's New Sources of Economic Growth: Human Capital, Innovation and Technological Change // 2017. Vol. 2. ANU Press.

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High-tech industries, as a result of their functioning and development, significantly reform the structure of the economy15. In the modern economy, various sectors are interconnected and interdependent, forming an integral national economic system. The fundamental factor connecting various industries is technology. The development and involvement of high-tech industries can increase largely the level of economic, change obvious in the economic structure of each country.

In this research, in accordance with the course of development of social production activities, the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy are distinguished. If we take developed countries as an example, from 1995 to 2020, the main trend of changes in the industrial structure caused by the continuous development of high-tech industries is that the proportion of the primary sector of the economy in the gross national product (GNP) decreases, and remains mostly stable after reaching a lower level16. The share of the secondary sector in GNP has changed from increasing to decreasing over the same period of time, but this change is relatively small. The tertiary sector, thanks to its rapid development, has simultaneously turned into a sector with an absolute advantage in the economies under consideration.

The level of investment in research and development (R&D) is an important indicator to measure the scale and intensity of scientific and technological activity in various contexts. In recent years, the leaders in this indicator in the world have become the USA, China, Great Britain, Germany and France17. Despite the fact that Russia is not among the leaders in this indicator, it is a world power with great industrial potential, capable of influencing international stability and strategic balance. With the status of permanent members of the United Nations Security

15 Lei P. The impact of high-tech industries on China's regional economic development // China High-tech Enterprises. 2010. No. 28. P. 1-3. doi: 10.13535/j.cnki.11-4406/n.2010.28.096; Lv X. M., Zhang Y. L. Research on the Impact of Technological Progress on my country's Industrial Structure Adjustment: An Empirical Analysis Based on Industrial and Regional Differences // Price Theory and Practice. 2019. No. 07. P. 157-160.

16 Ma Y. Z. The softening trend and enlightenment of the world industrial structure-Taking the United States and Japan as examples // Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications (Social Science Edition). 2005. No. 3.P. 358-361.

17 Yuan S., He J., He F. Comparative analysis of R&D input and output in major countries in the world in the past ten years // Science and Technology Herald. 2020. Vol. 38. No. 19. P. 58-67.

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Council, USA, Russia, China, the UK and France are all countries that have a significant influence on the economy, industry, population, politics, military, development of technology and culture. Germany became the first country to use the definition of "Industry 4.0" and consider Industry 4.0 not only as an industrial revolution, but also as an industrial policy. Let's compare countries such as the USA, China, Russia, UK, France and Germany in terms of contribution share18 of the three main sectors in the economy (Table 1.1).

To more clearly express the change in the structure of China's industry, it seems appropriate to choose the share of value added of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in GDP as an indicator19 (Figure 1.1). 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0%

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* Primary industry® Secondary industry® Tertiary industry

Figure 1.1 The change of industrial structure in China from 1991-202020