Лексический субстандарт новозеландского варианта английского языка в синхронии и диахронии тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 10.02.04, кандидат наук Трифанова, Светлана Сергеевна

• Трифанова, Светлана Сергеевна
• кандидат наук
• 2016

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Трифанова, Светлана Сергеевна

ВВЕДЕНИЕ.................................................................................................................5

ГЛАВА 1. ПОНЯТИЙНО-ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СИСТЕМА ОПИСАНИЯ НОВОЗЕЛАНДСКОГО ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОГО СУБСТАНДАРТА КАК ФОРМЫ СУЩЕСТВОВАНИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА......................................................................................................................22

1.1. Вводная проблематика главы..................................................................22

1.2. Социально-лингвистическое содержание понятийного аппарата и терминосистемы исследования.................................................................23

1.2.1. Социолингвистический компонент понятийно-терминологической системы исследования.........................................................................................24

1.2.2. Социолектологический компонент понятийно-терминологической системы исследования.........................................................................................45

1.2.3. Социолексикологический компонент понятийно-терминологической системы исследования.........................................................................................51

1.3. Новозеландский лексический субстандарт как форма существования полинационального английского языка....................59

1.3.1. Особенности генезиса новозеландского лексического субстандарта .. 59

1.3.2. Место лексического субстандарта в СКС английского языка......71

1.3.3. Новозеландский лексический субстандарт: определение понятия.......75

1.4. Выводы по главе 1........................................................................................76

ГЛАВА 2. ЭКЗИСТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ НОВОЗЕЛАНДСКОГО ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОГО СУБСТАНДАРТА В СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОМ АСПЕКТЕ.......................................79

2.1. Вводная проблематика главы..................................................................79

2.2. Социолексикографические источники лексического субстандарта ^Е...............................................................................................79

2.3. Социолингвистические характеристики лексического субстандарта ^Е...............................................................................................85

2.3.1. Особенности лексического субстандарта NZE как ареально-региональной макроформы в мега-СКС полинационального английского языка......................................................................................................................86

2.3.2. Локально-территориальная вариативность лексического субстандарта ЖЕ........................................................................................................................90

2.3.3. Темпорально-историческая мобильность и вариативность лексического субстандарта ЖЕ.................................................................................................91

2.4. Социолектологические характеристики лексического субстандарта ^Е...............................................................................................95

2.4.1. Социально-профессиональная вариативность лексического субстандарта ЖЕ...............................................................................................103

2.4.2. Социально-корпоративная вариативность лексического субстандарта ЖЕ......................................................................................................................106

2.4.3. Социально-эзотерическая вариативность лексического субстандарта ЖЕ......................................................................................................................107

2.4.4. Профессионально-корпоративная мобильность субстандартных лексических новозеландизмов..........................................................................110

2.5. Социолексикологические характеристики лексического субстандарта ^Е.............................................................................................111

2.5.1. Социально-стратификационная дифференциация и мобильность компонентов лексического субстандарта NZE...............................................119

2.5.2. Этико-стилистическая вариативность и инвективность субстандартных лексических новозеландизмов..........................................................................122

2.6. Выводы по главе 2......................................................................................125

ГЛАВА 3. ЭКЗИСТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ НОВОЗЕЛАНДСКОГО ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОГО СУБСТАНДАРТА В СОЦИОНОМИНАТИВНО-ДЕРИВАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ АСПЕКТЕ.......129

3.1. Вводная проблематика главы................................................................129

3.2. Структурные особенности номинации в новозеландском лексическом субстандарте...........................................................................129

3.2.1. Структурно-неотмеченные ЛФЕ в лексическом субстандарте NZE .. 130

3.2.2. Структурно-отмеченные ЛФЕ в лексическом субстандарте NZE......159

3.2.3. Продуктивность структурных средств номинации в новозеландском лексическом субстандарте.................................................................................169

3.3. Семантические особенности номинации в лексическом субстандарте NZE.............................................................................................170

3.3.1. Семасиологические особенности номинации в лексическом субстандарте NZE...............................................................................................170

3.3.2. Ономасиологические особенности номинации в лексическом субстандарте NZE...............................................................................................176

3.3.3. Продуктивность семантических средств номинации в лексическом субстандарте NZE...............................................................................................184

3.4. Лингвокультурологические особенности номинации в лексическом субстандарте NZE..................................................................185

3.4.1. Основные аспекты номинативно-лингвокультурологического анализа лексического субстандарта NZE.......................................................................185

3.4.2. Номинации культурно-языковых реалий в лексическом субстандарте NZE......................................................................................................................187

3.4.3. Цветообозначения в лексическом субстандарте NZE..........................188

3.4.4. Продуктивность лингвокультурологических номинативных средств в лексическом субстандарте NZE........................................................................190

3.5. Выводы по главе 3......................................................................................191

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ.....................................................................................................195

СПИСОК ПРИНЯТЫХ СОКРАЩЕНИЙ........................................................199

СПИСОК НАУЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ.............................................................200

СПИСОК СЛОВАРЕЙ.........................................................................................231

СПИСОК ИНТЕРНЕТ-ИСТОЧНИКОВ..........................................................237

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ.....................................................................................................240

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

На современном этапе развития языкознания многие комплексные исследования лингвистических процессов, явлений, форм и единиц в синхронии и диахронии проводятся в контексте сложной антропоцентрической парадигмы. Здесь внимание ученых фокусируется на изучении сосуществования ее следующих основных составляющих - языка <=> этноса общества <=> культуры«* человека. Это находит свое естественное проявление во взаимодействии как лингвистических, так и нелингвистических (антропология, этнология, социология, культурология и др.) наук, объектно-предметные области которых могут охватывать указанные сущности.

В этой связи ведущими для наших изысканий лингво-социальными и социально-лингвистическими науками, закладывающими методологический фундамент для многоаспектного изучения языкового субстандарта (просторечия1) в социально-коммуникативных системах (СКС) полинациональных языков, выступают антрополингвистика, этнолингвистика, социолингвистика и лингвокультурология. Здесь частными дисциплинами, формирующими специальную понятийно-терминологическую систему и методику анализа языкового субстандарта, включая исследуемый нами лексический субстандарт NZE, являются социолектология, социолексикология, социолексикография, субстандартная дериватология и лингвосубкультурология [термин В. П. Коровушкина, см.: 2015абв], разрабатываемые в научной школе В. П. Коровушкина. Именно в рамках данной школы, с ее теоретических позиций, а также в междисциплинарном категориально-понятийном поле и терминосистемах названных выше

1 Термины «субстандарт» и «просторечие», а также производные от них рассматриваются как полные синонимы, где первый относится к английскому (и шире - к западноевропейским языкам), а второй - (традиционно) к русскому языку. Неполными синонимами к термину «лексический субстандарт / лексическое просторечие» выступают «нестандартная,

неконвенциональная, нелитературная, ненормативная и стилистически-сниженная лексика».

2

NZE = New Zealand English (новозеландский национальный вариант английского языка).

дисциплин проведено наше исследование.

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Лексический субстандарт новозеландского варианта английского языка в синхронии и диахронии»

Актуальность работы определяется тем, что:

1) в современной антропоцентрической парадигме такие базовые для нашего исследования междисциплинарные социально-лингвистические науки, как социолектология, социолексикология, социолексикография, субстандартная дериватология и лингвосубкультурология, активно развивающиеся в последние десятилетия, получают мощный дополнительный стимул для ускорения своего прогрессивного движения в изучении генезиса, функционирования и развития наиболее социономинативно активных языковых систем, какими являются лексические субстандарты, быстро и адекватно реагирующие своими новообразованиями на все значимые изменения в сосуществовании этноса, общества, культуры, человека и языка;

2) в современной лингвистике наблюдается повышенный интерес к углубленному изучению языкового субстандарта в целом и лексических субстандартов национальных языков в частности, включая субстандартные ареальные разновидности полинационального английского языка, одной из которых является исследуемый нами лексический субстандарт К7Е, который практически не изучен в социально-лингвистическом и социономинативном планах с позиций этнолингвистики, социолингвистики, социолектологии, социолексикологии, социолексикографии и лингвокультурологии;

3) в современном языкознании созрела потребность, осознана научная значимость и сформулирована проблематика, а также имеется теоретическая и прикладная возможность многоаспектного и детального социально-лингвистического и социономинативно-дериватологического анализа лексического субстандарта ЖЕ как особой ареально-геолектной макроформы, представляющей собой специфическое средство отражения этнонационального и этносоциокультурного своеобразия английского языка в Новой Зеландии, что обусловливает необходимость дальнейшей разработки комплексного междисциплинарного категориально-понятийного аппарата и специальной терминосистемы, а также их апробации и верификации на новом, еще не

исследованном в названных выше аспектах, обширном и многопрофильном субстандартном лексическом материале.

Степень разработанности научной проблемы. На сегодняшний день в зарубежной англистике лексический субстандарт NZE изучен фрагментарно. В ряде случаев он лишь косвенно затрагивается в объемных трудах. Здесь в хронологическом порядке, принятом в историографии науки, можно назвать работы (1) Э. Партриджа, (2) Р. МакКрама, У. Крэна и Р. МакНейла и (3) Д. Бардсли.

1. Одним из первых ученых, обративших внимание на новозеландский сленг, был Э. Партридж. Однако в своей фундаментальной монографии «Slang to-day and yesterday» он уделил ему всего лишь три страницы. Весь этот краткий набросок свелся к небольшому перечню неконвенциональных новозеландизмов и к приведению фрагмента диалога двух новозеландских военнослужащих, использующих в своей речи сленгизмы первой мировой войны. Лексический материал был частично извлечен им из словаря «Austral English» Э. Морриса [Morris 1898] и большей частью вместе с диалогом предоставлен ему его знакомыми из Новой Зеландии. Он отметил следующие социолингвистические черты этого фрагмента английского вокабуляра: 1) малочисленное (на момент написания монографии - 1933 г.) население Новой Зеландии не оказывало значительного влияния на развитие нестандартного английского; 2) новозеландский сленг широко обогащался заимствованиями из маори, которые в наших терминах становились англо-маорийскими пиджин-жаргонизмами, например: goori (a dog < Maori kuri), komaty (dead < Maori ka mate); 3) однако, по мнению автора, подобный контактно-смешанный сленг был настолько консервативен, что ни один из сленгизмов-новозеландизмов маорийского происхождения не вошел в сленг британской метрополии, хотя многие из них перешли в австралийский сленг, например: kapai (good) [Partridge 1979: 285-286]. Все это свидетельствует о том, что Э. Партридж не провел достаточно значительного описания сленга NZE, ограничившись лишь констатацией его существования и некоторых его черт.

2. В обширном труде Р. МакКрама, У. Крэна и Р. МакНейла «The Story of English» есть небольшой раздел, посвященный NZE. В нем имеются несколько строк о формировании разговорной и сленговой форм английского языка на территории Новой Зеландии со времен ее официальной колонизации (1840-е гг.) переселенцами из Британии, многие из которых были шотландцами, в основном представителями городского рабочего класса. Они принесли туда свои социально-локальные особенности не только произношения и грамматики, но также и вокабуляра. При этом авторы отмечают, что в NZE меньше сленга, чем в AusE , или, возможно, сленг NZE недостаточно полно зарегистрирован в словарях. Его особой отличительной чертой является почти полное отсутствие рифмованных образований, широко распространенных в сленге AusE, а также большое количество заимствований из маори, например, hoot (money), и из сленга AusE: arvo (afternoon), smoko, smoke-o, smoke-oh (a spell from work, a short period of rest). В сленге NZE могут также сохраняться отдельные уникальные новозеландизмы, созданные первыми белыми переселенцами: bach (= weekender в сленге AusE) [McCrum, Cran, MacNeil 1992: 329-333].

3. Некоторые, в нашем понимании, социолингвистические аспекты так называемого «rural language» (языка деревни) рассмотрены в монографии Д. Бардсли «The Language of Rural New Zealand» [Bardsley 2009]. Здесь описаны провинциализмы NZE, составляющие лексические подсистемы различных полудиалектов в сфере территориального просторечия [термины В. П. Коровушкина; см.: Коровушкин 2007аб; 2012б]. В своей отдельной статье «Slang in Godzone (Aotearoa-New Zealand)» Д. Бардсли отметила, что в последние десятилетия именно новозеландский сленг, а не заимствования из маори, стал той характерной чертой NZE, которая отличает последний как от «материнского» английского метрополии, так и от других его колониальных разновидностей. Первая форма британского сленга, или арго, «Whaler's Maori» была привнесена в Новую Зеландию английскими китобоями еще до 1845 г.,

например: grunter (pig), spreader (blanket), doctor (slave), heifer (woman),

AusE = Australian English (австралийский национальный вариант английского языка).

squeaker (child). Позднее каждая профессия и каждое занятие создавали свою разновидность сленга. Вместе с тем даже в XXI в. в сленге NZE много заимствований из маори, которые формируют в наших терминах маорийско-английский пиджин-жаргон: kete case (a person unable to function < Maori kete = basket), kai cart (a mobile café < Maori kai = food) [Bardsley 2014: 96-97, 99].

В отечественной англистике проблема описания субстандартных лексико-фразеологических единиц (ЛФЕ) в NZE длительное время оставалась вне поля зрения лингвистов. Известны несколько небольших статей, в которых затрагиваются некоторые (1) лексико-семантические и деривационные черты новозеландского сленга как совокупности нелитературных эмоционально -окрашенных и экспрессивных лексических единиц (ЛЕ), принадлежащих лексическим подсистемам социально обусловленных профессионально-корпоративных разновидностей NZE [Турченко 1989], (2) лингвокогнитивные характеристики сленга (но не всех компонентов лексического субстандарта NZE) на материале отдельного концепта «remoteness» [Николаева, Шубина 2009: 283-292], а также (3) лингвосемиотические и (4) этноспецифические особенности сленга NZE [Редкозубова: 2009; 2013].

Итак, комплексное социально-лингвистическое и социономинативно-дериватологическое описание всего спектра субстандартных ЛФЕ NZE - слов, фразеологизмов и паремий, представляющих все возможные компоненты лексического субстандарта как экзистенциальной формы NZE, включая низкие коллоквиализмы, общий сленг, вульгаризмы, социально-профессиональные и социально-корпоративные жаргоны, арго / кэнт и пиджин-жаргоны4 (как элементы контактно-смешанных языковых этноформ), в этнолингвистическом, социолингвистическом, социолексикографическом, социолектологическом, социолексикологическом и лингвокультурологическом аспектах все еще ждет своего исследователя, которому предстоит также теоретически сформулировать адекватное определение этой сложной субстандартной формы существования NZE. Все это обусловило выбор темы нашей диссертации и ее специфику.

4 Определения понятий, обозначенных данными терминами, даны в разделах Глав 1-2.

Объектом нашего исследования выступает лексический субстандарт К7Е как комплексная, исторически сложившаяся и системно организованная форма существования новозеландского варианта английского языка со всеми ее структурообразующими компонентами и элементами - просторечными ЛФЕ.

Предмет исследования - социально-лингвистическая вариативность субстандартной лексической системы К7Е и социономинативно-дериватологические особенности ее ЛФЕ в синхронии и их мобильность в социально-лингвистическом плане в диахронии; оба аспекта - в статике и динамике, в контексте широкой антропоцентрической парадигмы, характеризующей взаимообусловленное и взаимосвязанное бытие общества, культуры, человека, английского и маори языков в Новой Зеландии.

Отправной точкой нашего исследования является рабочая гипотеза, согласно которой лексический субстандарт К7Е, сложившийся за последние 170-180 лет на базе национальных вариантов английского языка и элементов аборигенного языка Новой Зеландии (маори), отражает в плане диахронии социально-лингвистическую историю своего генезиса, а также особенности своего бытия в ареально-геолектном, темпоральном и профессионально-корпоративном аспектах, что может быть социолексикографически зафиксировано на двух синхронных срезах5. В плане синхронии субстандартные ЛФЕ-новозеландизмы рассматриваются с учетом номинативно-дериватологических структурных и семантических свойств. Все это комплексное социономинативное содержание новозеландизмов в социолингвистическом, социолектологическом и социолексикологическом аспектах может дополняться лингвокультурологическими чертами.

Цель исследования - выявить основные социально-лингвистические и социономинативно-дериватологические особенности субстандартных ЛФЕ и тенденции развития макросистемы лексического субстандарта К7Е.

5 в

В плане диахронии выделяются два примерно одинаковых по длительности синхронных среза (каждый = 85-90 лет) в развитии лексической системы 1-й срез - с конца XVIII в. по конец XIX в.; 2-й срез - с начала XX в. по начало XXI в.

Поставленная цель требует решения следующих задач.

1) сформировать рабочий категориально-понятийный аппарат, терминосистему, методологию и методику описания новозеландского лексического субстандарта согласно заявленной цели и материалу исследования;

2) дать краткую справку об истории формирования лексического субстандарта К7Е с учетом лингвистических и экстралингвистических факторов и на этой основе предложить рабочее определение данного понятия;

3) установить ведущие экзистенциальные особенности новозеландского лексического субстандарта в социолингвистическом, социолектологическом и социолексикологическом планах;

4) раскрыть основные социономинативно-дериватологические характеристики субстандартных ЛФЕ в К7Е в структурном и семантическом (семасиологическом и ономасиологическом) аспектах;

5) выяснить социономинативное содержание субстандартных ЛФЕ-новозеландизмов в лингвокультурологическом аспекте;

6) определить продуктивность социономинативных средств в макро-СКС лексического субстандарта К7Е и тенденции ее развития и обогащения.

Эмпирический материал насчитывает 5981 субстандартную ЛФЕ ЖЕ, извлеченную методом сплошной выборки из 20 англоязычных словарей субстандартной лексики, и охватывает последние 170-180 лет.

Методологическая основа нашего исследования заложена в понимании естественной взаимосвязи и неразрывного взаимодействия этноса, общества, культуры, человека, языка и мышления, при определяющей роли первых трех в их детерминирующем влиянии на социономинативную активность и вербальную лингвокреативность6 индивида, адекватность, вариативность и мобильность созданных и используемых им в социально-речевом общении

6 О содержании этого понятия см.: [Коровушкин, Фалоджу 2013: 54].

лексических систем и их единиц (с охватом субстандартных ЛФЕ в мега-СКС любого полинационального языка), включая макросистему лексического субстандарта и неконвенциональные ЛФЕ в макро-СКС К7Е.

Эта основа реализуется в следующих методах и приемах комплексного анализа, соответствующих цели, задачам и материалу нашего исследования и получающих свою материализацию в разделах диссертации:

1) метод общенаучного анализа теоретических концепций, подходов и взглядов для формирования рабочего категориально-понятийного аппарата, терминосистемы, методологии и проблематики исследования, для раскрытия истории формирования лексического субстандарта К7Е и его определения;

2) метод социолексикографического анализа словарных статей, дефиниций, помет, справок, ссылок и паспортизированных иллюстративных примеров в словарях английского лексического субстандарта для установления значений и социально-лингвистических особенностей неконвенциональных ЛФЕ К7Е в национально-ареальном, локально-территориальном, темпорально-историческом, социально-профессиональном, социально-корпоративном, социально-стратификационном и этико-стилистическом аспектах;

3) метод социономинативно-дериватологического анализа для выявления структурных типов и моделей и деривационно-ономасиологических особенностей субстандартных ЛФЕ-новозеландизмов;

4) методы компонентного и семасиологического анализа лексического значения для раскрытия семантической структуры субстандартных лексических новозеландизмов и установления основных лексико-семантических групп (ЛСГ) и синонимических рядов в субстандартной лексической системе К7Е;

5) приемы лингвокультурологического анализа для раскрытия национально-культурного содержания субстандартных ЛФЕ-новозеландизмов;

6) прием количественного подсчета для определения продуктивности номинативных средств и на этой основе тенденций развития и обогащения субстандартной лексической системы К7Е;

7) прием табличных подсчетов для систематизации и наглядного

представления полученных количественных данных.

Обоснованность и достоверность результатов исследования обеспечивается основательным теоретическим фундаментом, который складывается из признанных и подтвержденных в современном языкознании научных концепций, подходов, взглядов и положений, сформулированных и изложенных в трудах ведущих отечественных и зарубежных лингвистов в следующих областях языковедения:

1) в области антрополингвистики: [Гринберг 2004; Гринев-Гриневич, Сорокина, Скопюк 2008; Ahearn 2012; Brenneis, Macaulay 1996; Duranti 2008];

2) в области этнолингвистики: [Герд 2005; Коровушкин 2010вг; Садохин 2006; Тавадов 2002; Толстой 1995; Чеснов 1998; Fishman 1989];

3) в области социолингвистики [Беликов, Крысин 2001; Белл 1980; Бондалетов 1987; Виноградов и др. 2009; Дешериев 1977; Коровушкин 2010г; Куликова, Салмина 2009б; Мечковская 1994; Никольский 1976; Туманян 1985; Швейцер 1976; Agha 2007; Bayley, Lucas 2007; Chambers 2003; Coulmas 2005; Hudson 1996; Hymes 1977; Labov 1967; Marshall 2004; Mey 1996; Meyerhoff 2006; Nevalainen, Raumolin-Brunberg 2003; Oha 2009; Wardhaugh 2006];

4) в области лингво(суб)кулътурологии [Алефиренко 2010; Воробьев 2008; Коровушкин 2015в; Красных 2002; Маслова 2001; Ощепкова 2004; Эко 2007];

5) в области социолексикографии [Заграевская 2013; Коровушкин 2009а, 2010б, 2013б; Рябичкина 2009; Саляев 1998; Хомяков 1980а; Coleman 2008abcd];

6) в области социолектологии [Бойко 2009; Ерофеева 1995; Коровушкин 2005абвг, 2009б; Маковский 2009; Hudson 1979; Labov 1967; Trudgill 1983; Wolfram, Schilling-Estes 2004; Wright 1981];

7) в области социолексикологии [Беляева, Хомяков 2010; Волошин 2000; Кестер-Тома 1994; Коровушкин 1993, 1994а, 2008аб; Кудинова 2011аб; Редкозубова 2014; Собинникова 1992; Химик 2000; Хомяков 1971, 1974, 2009; Coleman 2012; Eble 1996; Irving 1993; Lehnert 1981; Partridge 1979; Timroth

8) в области ономатологии, дериватологии и словообразования [Коровушкин 2002; Коровушкин, Коноплева 2016; Кубрякова 2012; Лапшина 1996; Мешков 1985; Москвин 2006; Мурзин 1984; Никитевич 1985; Соболева 1980; Телия 2002; Торопцев 1980; Труевцева 1994; Улуханов 1977; Царев 1984; Щеболева 1980; Янко-Триницкая 2001; Adams 1973; Aronoff 1981; Bauer 1983; Botha 1984; Lightner 1983; Marchand 1960; Reichl 1982].

Соответствие диссертации паспорту научной специальности. В соответствии со специальностью 10.02.04 - «Германские языки» в диссертации проводится исследование лексического субстандарта NZE в аспектах диахронии и синхронии, что отвечает формуле специальности. Полученные научные результаты анализа социально-лингвистической вариативности компонентов лексического субстандарта NZE и социономинативно-дериватологических особенностей его элементов - ЛФЕ с применением методов социолингвистического, социолектологического,

социолексикологического, социолексикографического и

лингвокультурологического анализа соответствуют трем пунктам области исследований в паспорте специальности 10.02.04 - «Германские языки»: 1) слово как основа единства языка, типы лексических единиц, структура словарного состава, функционирование лексических единиц, развитие и пополнение словарного состава, лексика и внеязыковая действительность, лексикологические категории, фразеология, 2) проблемы классификации лексических единиц, 3) методы исследования ЛЕ.

Научная новизна диссертации заключается в том, что в ней впервые:

1) на многогранной теоретической основе, охватывающей обширное междисциплинарное понятийное поле антрополингвистики, этнолингвистики, социолингвистики, социолектологии, социолексикологии, социолексикографии, лингвокультурологии, ономатологии и дериватологии, разработан сложный логически упорядоченный понятийно-терминологический аппарат для комплексного социально-лингвистического и социономинативно-

дериватологического описания лексического субстандарта К7Е;

2) раскрыта история формирования новозеландского лексического субстандарта с учетом лингвистических и экстралингвистических факторов, что позволило на этой основе и на базе разработанного понятийно-терминологического аппарата дать концептуальное определение лексического субстандарта К7Е как одной из специфических форм существования английского языка;

3) на данном теоретическом фундаменте проведен комплексный социально-лингвистический и социономинативно-дериватологический анализ системы лексического субстандарта К7Е за весь почти двухвековой период его существования в диахронии и синхронии;

4) в результате этого анализа выяснена вариативность и мобильность субстандартных ЛФЕ К7Е в социолингвистическом, социолектологическом и социолексикологическом планах, раскрыты их ареально-геолектные, профессионально-корпоративные, темпорально-исторические, социально-стратификационные и этико-стилистические характеристики;

5) определены основные структурные, семасиологические, ономасиологические и лингвокультурологические особенности номинации в макро-СКС лексического субстандарта К7Е, установлена продуктивность номинативных средств и тенденции развития и обогащения этой системы.

Наиболее существенные результаты исследования, обладающие научной новизной и полученные лично соискателем:

1) установлено, что новозеландский лексический субстандарт сложился за последние 170-180 лет и охватывает общенародный лексический субстандарт, включающий низкие коллоквиализмы, общие сленгизмы и вульгаризмы, и специальный лексический субстандарт, объединяющий профессионально-корпоративные жаргоны, арго / кэнт и лексиконы маргинальных асоциальных субкультур;

2) выявлено, что лексический субстандарт К7Е бытует как ареально-региональная макроформа в мега-СКС полинационального английского языка,

проявляя специфическую локально-территориальную и темпорально-историческую дифференциацию и вариативность в макро-СКС К7Е;

3) доказано, что лексический субстандарт К7Е проявляет 17 разновидностей социально-профессиональных и 8 видов социально-корпоративных жаргонов, а также социально-эзотерическое арго / кэнт;

4) определено, что субстандартные лексические новозеландизмы образованы по 318 моделям для структурно-неотмеченных и по 55 моделям для структурно-отмеченных дериватов;

5) подтверждено, что этико-стилистическая сниженность субстандартных новозеландизмов-ЛФЕ составляет континуум инвективности из 10 дискретных градаций на шкале нарастающей сниженности;

6) выявлено наличие в лексическом субстандарте К7Е свободных и связанных аналогов и универбов, 51 ЛСГ и 93 синонимических рядов, дериватов с метафорой и метонимией, эвфемизацией, дисфемизацией, расширением и сужением значения и конверсией;

7) установлено, что основные лингвокультурологические черты лексического субстандарта К7Е представлены наименованиями реалий страны, топонимами, антропонимами и 7 специфическими цветообозначениями.

Теоретическая ценность работы обусловлена тем, что в ней:

1) в многопрофильном междисциплинарном контексте антрополингвистики, этнолингвистики, социолингвистики, социолектологии, социолексикологии, социолексикографии, лингвокультурологии, ономатологии и дериватологии сформирована сложная понятийно-терминологическая система комплексного социально-лингвистического и социономинативно-дериватологического описания лексического субстандарта К7Е, которая может использоваться для подобного анализа лексического субстандарта любого полинационального языка или его национального варианта;

2) дано концептуальное определение макросистемы новозеландского лексического субстандарта, учитывающее его генезис, становление, развитие и современное состояние, раскрыта его компонентная структура;

3) этот системно организованный понятийно-терминологический аппарат, включающий концептуальное определение лексического субстандарта К7Е, апробирован и верифицирован при комплексном социально-лингвистическом и социономинативно-дериватологическом анализе обширного и репрезентативного эмпирического материала - 5981 субстандартной ЛФЕ, что позволило прийти к объективным и достоверным результатам.

Практическая значимость диссертации состоит в том, что материал, выводы и результаты исследования могут использоваться при разработке основных лекционных курсов по социолингвистике, лингвокультурологии и лингвострановедению, лексикологии, лексикографии, стилистике и истории английского языка, спецкурсов по этнолингвистике, социолектологии, социолексикологии, социолексикографии, лингвосубкультурологии, для практических занятий по данным курсам и спецкурсам, для создания по ним учебных и учебно-методических пособий, для составления словаря новозеландского лексического субстандарта, для написания выпускных квалификационных работ в бакалавриате, магистратуре и аспирантуре.

На защиту выносятся следующие положения:

1. Новозеландский лексический субстандарт - это исторически сложившаяся за последние 170-180 лет, относительно устойчивая во времени и в пространстве, комплексная, системно организованная и иерархически структурированная гетерогенная экзистенциальная макроформа национального варианта английского языка в Новой Зеландии, отвечающая социолингвистической норме второго уровня и включающая частные экзистенциальные и неэкзистенциальные, полуавтономные и неавтономные микроформы - социально-стилистические категории лексики, фразеологии и паремиологии, характеризующиеся этико-стилистической сниженностью, инвективностью и субкультурной профессионально-корпоративной и эзотерической маркированностью различного качества, создающие ситуацию лексической диглоссии разного типа и степени.

2. Комплексная система лексического субстандарта К7Е охватывает

(1) общенародный лексический субстандарт новозеландского ареала, представленный низкими коллоквиализмами, общими сленгизмами и вульгаризмами, и (2) специальный лексический субстандарт новозеландского ареала, представленный социально-профессионально-корпоративными жаргонизмами, арготизмами / кэнтизмами, элементами из лексиконов маргинальных асоциальных субкультур.

3. Социолингвистические характеристики лексического субстандарта К7Е проявляются в трех комплексных и взаимосвязанных аспектах его бытия: (1) как ареально-региональной макроформы в мега-СКС полинационального английского языка в ее (2) локально-территориальной и (3) темпорально-исторической дифференциации и вариативности в макро-СКС К7Е.

4. Ареально-региональные особенности лексического субстандарта К7Е отражаются в переходе в его состав различных форм стандарта и субстандарта (1) ВгЕ, из ареалов Англии, Северной Ирландии, Шотландии, Уэльса, из северных и южных диалектов Великобритании, а также кокни, (2) АшЕ, включая языки аборигенов Австралии, (3) АтЕ и (4) маори. Локально-территориальная дифференциация лексического субстандарта в пределах ЖЕ представлена его вариативностью по административным частям, отдельным (островным) территориям и учреждениям Новой Зеландии.

5. Темпорально-историческая мобильность субстандартных лексических новозеландизмов, заимствованных из ВгЕ, АшЕ, АтЕ и маори, прослеживается в течение столетий в терминах их частей и десятилетий, конкретных годов, первой и второй мировых войн. Функционирование элементов в макро-СКС К7Е отмечено в течение полутора столетий, более столетия, целого столетия, менее столетия, конкретных десятилетий и годов.

6. Социолектологические характеристики новозеландского лексического субстандарта проявляются в (1) социально-профессиональной, (2) социально-корпоративной и (3) социально-эзотерической дифференциации его компонентов в макро-СКС К7Е, включая 17 разновидностей социально-профессиональных и 8 - социально-корпоративных жаргонов, а также 2 вида

Список литературы диссертационного исследования кандидат наук Трифанова, Светлана Сергеевна, 2016 год

СПИСОК ИНТЕРНЕТ-ИСТОЧНИКОВ

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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

РАЗДЕЛ I. СЛОВАРЬ НОВОЗЕЛАНДСКОГО ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОГО СУБСТАНДАРТА

1. (a)way to boohai and back See away to boohai (Orsman, 1999)

2. (a)way to boohai used often humorously (perhaps originally ironically) for a remote place or district, intensifying the sense of distance or remoteness ... (Orsman, 1999)

3. (all) done up like a sore toe As overdressed; 'dressed to kill'. 1943 (Aust. 1939) (Orsman, 1999)

4. (as) crazy as a Woolworth's watch, very silly; See also (as) silly as a two-bob watch (Orsman, 1999)

5. (as) dead as Ned Kelly, undeniably dead (1960). (Orsman, 1999)

6. (as) full as a boot (1974) very drunk (Orsman, 1999)

7. (as) full as a bull (1947), usually '(roaring) drunk', but also occasionally stuffed with food and drink (Orsman, 1999) / full as a bull ... drunk (NZ: C.20. Slatter) (Partridge, 1984)

8. (as) full as a butcher's dog (1962), very full (of food, etc.) (Orsman, 1999)

9. (as) full as a goog (egg) (1988), very drunk; occasionally stuffed with food (see also GOOG) (Orsman, 1999)

10. (as) full as a kite, very drunk (Orsman, 1999)

11. (as) full as a lord (1921), very drunk (Orsman, 1999)

12. (as) full as a tick (1921, British dialect 1892), very drunk; occasionally stuffed with food, etc. See also drunk AS A. e.g. I'll shout you a Coke.' 'No thanks,' she said. I'm full as a tick.' (Orsman, 1999)

13. (as) full as an egg (1988) See (as) full as a goog (Orsman, 1999)

14. (as) full as the family po (1968) very drunk (Orsman, 1999)

15. (as) funny as a bit (piece) of string (1981). In various comparative uses in the senses 'very funny', 'quite ridiculous' (Orsman, 1999)

16. (as) funny as a box of worms (1905) In various comparative uses in the senses 'very funny', 'quite ridiculous' (Orsman, 1999)

17. (as) greasy as a butcher's apron, said of anything very greasy (e.g. with oil, mud). 1945 e.g. The clay road's as greasy as a butcher's apron. (Orsman, 1999)

18. (as) happy as a flea at a dog show, very happy (1947-48) (Orsman, 1999)

19. (as) happy as a pig in shit, very happy (Orsman, 1999)

20. (as) happy as a sick eel on a sand spit, very unhappy (Orsman, 1999)

21. (as) happy as Larry (larry), very happy c1875 possibly related to British dialect larrie 'joking, jesting; a practical joke; a lark' (Aust. 1905) (Orsman, 1999)

22. (as) screwy as a Woolworth's watch, very silly; See also (as) silly as a two-bob watch (Orsman, 1999)

23. (as) silly as a chook (1947); ... In comparisons suggesting 'very silly', or 'silly drunk' (Orsman, 1999)

24. (as) silly as a hen (1947); ... In comparisons suggesting 'very silly', or 'silly drunk'. See also (as) silly as a chook (Orsman, 1999)

25. (as) silly as a two-bob watch, very silly; See also (as) crazy (screwy) as a Wollworth's (Orsman, 1999)

26. (as) slippery as a butcher's pup, said of anything very greasy (e.g. with oil, mud). 1945 e.g. The clay road's as greasy as a butcher's apron. See also (as) greasy as a butcher's apron (Orsman, 1999)

27. (as) steep as a hen's face, a humorous way of indicating 'very steep'. 1947 (Orsman, 1999)

28. (as) steep as the side of a hen's face, a humorous way of indicating 'very steep'. 1947; also (as) steep as a hen's face (Orsman, 1999)

29. (as) useful as tits on a bull, useless (1964) (Orsman, 1999)

30. (aw) dicken! ... an exclamation or interjection of disbelief, disgust, etc., now in infrequent use. 1911 (Aust. 1894) (Orsman, 1999)

31. a over k adverb knocked upside down. An abbreviation of 'arse over kite' NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008)

32. AB noun the bleed period of the menstrual cycle. An abbreviation of 'Annie Brown' NEW ZEALAND, 1996 (Partridge, 2008)

33. acre A euphemism for arse. 1968 (Aust. 1966) e.g. I haven't got the time to be sitting on me acre. (Orsman, 1999) / acre Bottom; eg 'Doesn't matter what the situation, even if a home run's hit, Jonesy always slides into the plate on his acre. ' Late 1930s. ANZ21 (McGill, 1995)

34. across the ditch noun Australia NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008)

35. aerial super, superphosphate distributed by aerial topdressing. (Orsman, 1999)

36. Africa speaks. Strong liquor from South Africa: Aus. and NZ: C.20. (B., 1941 and 1942.) In The Drum, 1959, B. defines it as 'cheap fortified wine'. (Partridge, 1984)

37. aftermatch function A boozy, usually male, get-together or bonding session after a team game (especially rugby) or some other event. 1974 (Orsman, 1999)

38. aftermatch See aftermatch function (Orsman, 1999)

39. afto, arfto (s)arfto (1964), arvo (s)arvo, avo (1953, 1968) From (this) afternoon + -o. (Aust. 1927) e.g. Meetya in the rubbity this arvo. (Orsman, 1999)

40. Aggie's pants (panties) A play on agapanthus, a lily, c1954 (Orsman, 1999)

41. aggro An aggressive person, one full of 'aggro'. 1997 e.g. Most of the men were thankful for the free meal, but we had a few aggros who had been drinking. (Orsman, 1999)

42. Airstrip From its length. The main corridor at Paremoremo Prison. 1982 (Orsman,

1999)

43. Al Capone Prison rhyming slang for telephone. 1997 (Orsman, 1999)

44. All Black nickname a member of the New Zealand international men's rugby team NEW ZEALAND, 1986 (Partridge, 2008)

45. All Blacks haka There is no official haka for All Black teams, but the one generally favoured from 1905 onwards has been Te Rauparaha's war chant, composed by the warrior after he was sheltered from pursuers in the kumara pit of the hairy chief Wharerangi'spa. When Te Rauparaha emerged, he contrasted the sunlight of life with the darkness or death of the pit:

Ka mate! Ka mate!

Ka ora! Ka ora!

Tenei te tangata puhuruhuru,

Nana nei i tiki mei

I whakawhiti te ra!

Upane! Upane!

Upane! Ka Upane!

Whiti te ra!

It is death! It is death!

It is life! It is life!

This is the hairy person

Who caused the sun to shine!

One upward step! Another upward step!

One last upward step! Then step forth!

Into the sun that shines! (McGill, 1995)

46. All Blacks nicknames Colin 'Pine Tree' Meads, Wayne 'Buck' Shelford and Don 'The Booc' Clarke are probably the best known; veteran journalist T.P. McLean identified Don Clarke's other nickname of 'Camel' in the Evening Post, 30 June 1995. 'Kipper' was the nickname of

21 The main abbreviations retained from earlier collections are ANZ for where Australian usage predominates over or precedes New Zealand usage, and NZA for the reverse [McGill 1995: 6].

our silkiest full-back, English policeman John Gallagher, whose late-80s skills were purchased and destroyed by English rugby league. The nearest to his style in the 90s has been Auckland All Black Lee 'Stainless' Stensness. The great 80s AI1 Blacks included Joe Stanley and Mark Donaldson, both called 'Bullet', and Kieran Crowley and Brian McKechnie, both fullbacks and 'Colt' after service in the All Blacks apprenticeship in the New Zealand Colts. From the Meads' 60s era two greats were Kel 'Bunny' Tremain and 'The Black Panther' Waka Nathan, while early 90s All Blacks coach and former All Blacks captain Alex 'Grizz' Wyllie links winger Craig 'Postie' Innes and 'loosie' or flanker Mark 'Cowboy' Shaw co successors John JK 'Kirwan and Mike 'Bruiser' Brewer. Lanky Jock Ian Jones is called the 'Kamo Kid' because that is where he comes from. Out on their own in the two eras have been halfback Dave 'Trapper' Loveridge, Michael 'Iceman' Jones wearing Number Seven jersey and tough prop Richard Loe, who has the cleverest nickname'Guthrie', as in singer 'Arlo Guthrie'. Get it? Two weeks of glory before the final of the 1995 World Cup generated perhaps the greatest instant sensation the rugby world has known, winger Jonah Lomu, and the nicknames came thick and fast: The Whale, The Great Black Whale, The TonganTerror, The Tongan Cannonball, The Rhino, The Flying Wardrobe, most of these media inventions. (McGill, 1995)

47. All Blacks The national rugby team is said to have got its name from a printer's error of an extra 'I' in 'all blacks'. Prime Minister Seddon arranged for the Daily Mail to cover the 1905 British tour and reporter Buttery wrote of 11 October match against Hartlepool clubs, won 63-0 by New Zea1and, that the whole team played with precesion and speed as if they were 'all blacks'. The typographical error was repeated in reports of two subsequent games. When the team arrived at Taunton co play Somerset, they were welcomed by 'All Blacks' posters. Punch magazine confirmed the matter by asking Seddon in November: 'Can it be you head is turned by your team of Rugby "Blacks"?' (McGill, 1995)

48. all cock and ribs, like a musterer's dog, said of a thin, lanky person. 1986 (Orsman, 1999)

49. all hair oil and no socks Flashy but unimpressive; eg 'This new first five can go through a gap, but that's about it. He doesn't have any of the skills, he can't kick for peanuts. He's all hair oil and no socks.' (McGill, 1995)

50. all hands and the cook A sailors' phrase introduced to early rural New Zealand and reinforced by the common use of hand 'station employee'. Everybody. 1864 e.g. On Tuesday a large cuckoo flew over the sheep pen. All hands and the cook took after it. (Orsman, 1999)

51. all hunched up like a dog on a bag of staples Looking very uncomfortable. (McGill, 1995)

52. all on adjective prepared for violence NEW ZEALAND, 1999 (Partridge, 2008)

53. all piss and wind adjective prone to boasting NEW ZEALAND, 2002 (Partridge,

2008)

54. all piss and wind like the barber's cat, all pretence; useless. 1983 The reference is obscure: possibly to a 'cut cat' as one (sexually) useless. J.C. Hotten's Slang Dictionary (1865 edition) glosses barber's cat as 'said of a half-starved, sickly looking person, in connexion with an expression too coarse to print'. (Orsman, 1999)

55. all wet, all wrong; esp. 'You're all wet': NZ,—1934, and also, by 1935, Aus. (Partridge, 1984)

56. allakufic A quicker, cuter way of saying 'couldn't give a fuck', in the sense of not caring; eg 'Me pay to see arty Kiwi films? My duty? You've gotta be jokin. I've just one word for you, mate. Allakufic.' (McGill, 1995)

57. allegation has been made and I intend to find the alligator, an Remark attributed to Tom Skinner, the second of the postwar trade union boss troika of Fintan Patrick Walsh and Jim Knox. While Knox was known to stumble over his words, Skinner takes the cake for this malapropism worthy of movie mogul Sam Goldwyn. Skinner had the common touch, but also got on with stroppy Prime Minister Rob Muldoon from the traditional political opponent and big

business National Party, both men, sharing an investment racehorses. (J. McGill, 3 April 1994) (McGill, 1995)

58. alley up verb to pay off a debt NEW ZEALAND, 2002 (Partridge, 2008)

59. alpine stick noun an oversized frankfurter NEW ZEALAND, 1984 (Partridge, 2008)

60. amber (Brown) beer (Orsman, 1999)

61. amber fluid (Brown) beer (Orsman, 1999)

62. amber gambler noun a motorist who speeds up through a yellow light NEW ZEALAND, 1979 (Partridge, 2008) / amber gambler NZ colloq. a person who fails to stop at a yellow traffic light, at the risk of not clearing the intersection before the light turns red (Deverson, 2006) / amber gambler A driver or cyclist who 'runs' the amber light at a controlled intersection, gambling on getting across safely before red shows. 1979 (Orsman, 1999)

63. amber liquid (Brown) beer (Orsman, 1999)

64. amber-and-white. (Brown) beer 1938 (Aust. 1906) (Orsman, 1999)

65. am-dram Amateur dramatic, usually dismissive of a production or performer judged to be below professional standard; eg 'You see that new Kiwi play last night? Pathetic! Am-dram, the whole thing.' (McGill, 1995)

66. American invasion Hist. Before WW2 used humorously to describe the intrusion of American language and ways; during and after WW2 (the main modern use) the name for the influx of US servicemen from the Pacific theatre to New Zealand (mainly to Auckland and Wellington) c1942-44. 1946 (Orsman, 1999)

67. American tank A large American sedan. 1989 (Orsman, 1999)

68. Andrews Sisters WW2 (Italy). A dismissive name (from that of a popular singing group of the 1940s) for the multibarrelled German minenwerfer or its shrieking projectiles, otherwise called the moaning minnie. 1944 (personal communication W.J. Sewell) (Orsman, 1999)

69. angel gear noun neutral gear while coasting down a hill NEW ZEALAND, 1989 (Partridge, 2008) / angel gear Coasting your car downhill with the ignition switched off. 'Engine off, no brakes, just a straight, silent run', The Dominion newspaper review 30 September 1989 of Angel Gear, Colin Hogg writing on Sam Hunt as travelling poet performer. In England the phrase used to mean 'women's clothes'. (McGill, 1995)

70. ankle-biter A small child regarded (like a little dog) as a nuisance or kickable appendage. 1991 (Aust. 1981) (Orsman, 1999)

71. another clean shirt oughta (or ought to) see ya (or you) out. You look as if you might die at any time: NZ c.p.: since ca. 1930. Gordon Slatter, A Gun in My Hand, 1959 (Partridge, 1984)

72. anti-shouting clause See anti-shouting law (Orsman, 1999)

73. anti-shouting law Hist. A regulation of 28 August 1916 under the War Regulations Act to prevent 'shouting' in public bars supposing this to lead to drunkenness, introduced in the (reputedly) vain hope of encouraging sobriety among 'under-age' NZ soldiers before sending them overseas for slaughter. 1916 (Orsman, 1999)

74. Anzac Day dinner A light-hearted name for a celebratory Anzac Day 'liquid lunch'. 1938 (Orsman, 1999)

75. Anzac shandy. Beer and champagne: NZ soldiers': 1915-18 (Partridge, 1984)

76. Anzac wafer. A large (hard) army biscuit: Aus. and NZ soldiers': 1915-18. B., 1942. (Partridge, 1984)

77. Anzac. Loosely, any Aus. or NZ soldier serving in WW1: coll.: from late 1918. (Partridge, 1984)

78. any sodium glutamate of yours is a sodium glutamate of mine Another way of saying 'any friend of yours is a friend of mine'; used among young people not unacquainted with the favoured seasoning in some Chinese takeaways. (McGill, 1995)

79. Aotea biscuits Brown sugar, cornflour and cornflakes are the ingredients in this favourite playtime snack. (McGill, 1995)

80. Aotearoa The coming replacename for New Zealand? ... 'Ao' meanings include 'dawn, daytime, world, bright, cloud', 'tea' can mean 'clear, bright, white', while 'roa' can mean long in distance and in time. Retired Maori Studies lecturer Jock McEwen has argued for long daylight' on the grounds that two adjectives such as 'tea' and 'roa' were 'never consecutively placed in classical Maori', that there was twilight in New Zealand but none in the Pacific tropics and therefore the length of daylight would be notable. (McGill, 1995)

81. aphrodite noun a nightgown. Rhyming slang for 'nightie' NEW ZEALAND, 1875 (Partridge, 2008) / aphrodite Victorian (and probably euphemistic) rhyming slang for nightie. 1875 (Orsman, 1999)

82. appetite like a fantail A tiny birdlike appetite. 1964 (but heard from the 1930s) e.g. He had an appetite like a fantail but the kite of a hawk. (Orsman, 1999)

83. apple An abbreviation of apple tart, rhyming slang for heart, e.g. 'She's all apple is Granny Smith.' 1989 (Orsman, 1999)

84. apple noun a one-hundred dollar note NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008) / apple $100 bill, arrived at in a roundabout way from the rhyming slang 'apples and spice' for 'nice'. (Carterton school) (McGill, 1995)

85. apples adjective in good shape or condition NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008) / apples Originally short for apples and spice rhyming slang for ('all things') nice, from the recipe for little girls. (Orsman, 1999)

86. Archie noun a young and untrained farm hand NEW ZEALAND, 1946 (Partridge,

2008)

87. Are you there? A once common telephone usage, mainly on shared 'party' lines as an 'expression of incredulity that the telephone service has allowed you to reach someone' (1972, Austin Mitchell), meaning: 'Is the line working? Can you hear me?' 1904 (Meeting this for the first time, especially formerly on rural party lines, has provided new immigrants with a host of folk responses matched only by those to LADIES BRING A PLATE.) Compare WORKING? (Orsman, 1999)

88. are you working? a query to someone who may be using a party or extension telephone line. 1982 (but at least from the 1930s) Compare ARE YOU THERE? See also working? (Orsman, 1999)

89. are your arms and legs painted on? A sarcastic way of suggesting you do something yourself. (McGill, 1995)

90. armo noun armed robbery. Prison slang NEW ZEALAND, 1999 (Partridge, 2008) / armo A prison inmates' name for an armed robbery. 1997 e.g. 'Seems like every time there's an armo I get busted,' he said regretfully (Orsman, 1999)

91. aroha job noun a job done out of friendship without charge or at reduced rates. From the Maori word for 'love' NEW ZEALAND, 1985 (Partridge, 2008) / aroha job From Maori aroha 'love, fellow feeling'. Work done free for love not money; or at bicultural MATES' RATES. 1985 (Orsman, 1999)

92. around the twist eccentric, crazy NEW ZEALAND, 2002 (Partridge, 2008)

93. arse like a working bullock She or he has big buttocks. Nigel Watson: 'Derogatory or laudatory, according to taste - mine being the latter.' (McGill, 1995)

94. arse over kite (from northern British dialect kite stomach, a variant of general English uses arse over tip or tilt), head over heels (1965 but heard much earlier) (Orsman, 1999) / arse over kite Head over heels. Raconteur Brian Bell described a haymaker punch from poet James K. Baxter, concluding 'arse over kite I went into the gutter'. They were fighting over a woman after a 21st birthday party in Wellington in 1954, Bell relating the story in the 1972 Baxter memorial volume. (McGill, 1995)

95. arse paper noun any person or thing of limited use NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008), ANZ (McGill, 1995)

96. arsehole of New Zealand See arsehole of the world (Orsman, 1999)

97. arsehole of the world (occasionally, of New Zealand), an unlovely, often windy, place applied (some say wrongfully) especially to Wellington or the Bluff (1971). (Orsman, 1999)

98. arsetronaut noun a male homosexual. An allusion to anal sex NEW ZEALAND, 2002 (Partridge, 2008)

99. Arse-ups, the. The 4th Battalion, NZ Rifle Brigade: NZ army: WW1. Ex: the shape of the battalion shoulder-flash (Partridge, 1984)

100. arsey boo adjective chaotic, unorganised NEW ZEALAND, 1988 (Partridge, 2008)

101. Art Union State lottery preceding the Golden Kiwi, which preceded Lotto. So called because its first prizes were alluvial gold. (McGill, 1995)

102. articulated An altered short form of articulated truck. 1959 e.g. You could drive an articulator through the Ministry's proposal for improving children's speech. (Orsman, 1999)

103. articulator See articulated truck (Orsman, 1999)

104. artist An expert or expert performer in a field usually indicated by a defining suffix, often with snide connotations of illegality, impropriety, excess; or in ironic or pejorative use, suggesting a hard case or inveterate performer in a field disapproved of. 1912 (Aust. 1889) Compare KING (Orsman, 1999)

105. Arty Farty Ngati Karate Club Any group trying too hard, being pretentious. (McGill, 1995)

106. as a cow of a See cows of (Orsman, 1999)

107. as big as a grasshopper's knee, very small, perhaps a variation of stand knee-high to a grasshopper (1989). (Orsman, 1999)

108. as big as the Waimak Plump or big-hearted, after the Christchurch river the Waimakariri. (McGill, 1995)

109. as black as a bull's backside (1983) Introducing figurative comparisons denoting an intensity of darkness of the weather (Orsman, 1999)

110. as black as a musterer's billy (1948) Introducing figurative comparisons denoting an intensity of darkness of the night (Orsman, 1999)

111. as black as the inside of a cow (1991). Introducing figurative comparisons denoting an intensity of darkness of the night (Orsman, 1999)

112. as black as the inside of a Solomon Islander Very black and very dated. (McGill,

1995)

113. as busy as a one-armed paper-hanger Bustlingly, or excessively, busy: NZ: since ca. 1939. (Slatter.) 'Common in Canada also,' says Dr Leechman, who cites the lengthened ... with the itch. P.B.: in Brit, and Aus. also elab with (the) crabs (Partridge, 1984)

114. as cold as a stepmother's breath Very cold. The stepmother may have replaced the mother-in-law as the traditional family's or husband's ogre. (David V. Coy) (McGill, 1995)

115. as cunning as a Maori dog. Very cunning indeed: NZ: since ca. 1925. (Slatter) (Partridge, 1984)

116. as dry as a cocky's selection (1905) ... of a person, very thirsty; in need of liquid or alcoholic liquor (Orsman, 1995)

117. as dry as a cocky's selection after a long drought See as dry as a cocky's selection (Orsman, 1999)

118. as dry as a sack of gum dust (1895); ... of a person, very thirsty; in need of liquid or alcoholic liquor (Orsman, 1995)

119. as dry as a wooden god (1917) (occasionally heard dry as a wooden cow, with a

possible play on dry 'not in milk').....of a person, very thirsty; in need of liquid or alcoholic liquor

(Orsman, 1999)

120. as dry as the rim of a lime-burner's hat (1918) (compare British Cumberland dialect dry as a lime burner's clog) ... of a person, very thirsty; in need of liquid or alcoholic liquor (Orsman, 1995)

121. as eccentric as a rabbit on skates, Very eccentric. 1941 (Orsman, 1999)

122. as flat as a strap A flat plain. (Mike Fletcher) (McGill, 1995)

123. as funny as a piece of string. Very humorous, esp. of a situation or an incident: NZ: since ca. 1930. (Harold Griffiths, 1970.) Often ironic. (Partridge, 1984)

124. as ignorant as Paddy's pig, very ignorant (Orsman, 1999)

125. as Irish as Paddy's pig, fully and obviously Irish (1974). (Orsman, 1999)

126. as lonely as a bastard on Fathers' Day, very lonely, completely alone (1975) e.g. He was standing there as lonely as a bastard on Fathers' Day. (Orsman, 1999)

127. as low as a coalminers' fart, said of a contemptible person or behaviour (1941) See also lower than a coalminer's arsehole (Orsman, 1999)

128. as low as whale shit About as down and dirty as a person can be. (J. Grant) (McGill,

1995)

129. as mad as a gumdigger's dog (1964) kumarahou, a northern North Island shrub Pomaderris kumeraho (1961) (Orsman, 1999)

130. as mad as a wet hen, very silly or stupid; also, very angry; also as silly as a wet hen (1956) (Orsman, 1999)

131. as miserable as a shag on a rock (1834); shag In comparisons denoting misery (Orsman, 1999)

132. as mopy as a wet hen, very glum (1941) (Orsman, 1999)

133. as much chance as a snowball in hell. None at all: late C. 19-20: US, hence Can., hence Brit, (in narrower sense— usu. as snowflake), hence Aus. and NZ. Perhaps the prompter of as much chance as a fart in a windstorm, q.v. at fart in a windstorm. Lyell records the 'literary' var., as an icicle in Hades. P.B.: by later C.20, it may be allusive as in '"But you're up for parole soon." "They won't give it to me. Not a snowballs."' (Clement & La Frenais, A Further Stir of Porridge, 1977). (Partridge, 1984)

134. as popular as a pie-picker at the pictures, very unpopular (Orsman, 1999)

135. as popular as shit at a nightmen's picnic. See as popular as shit very unpopular (Orsman, 1999)

136. as popular as shit. 1935 very unpopular (Orsman, 1999)

137. as silly as a wet hen, very silly or stupid; also, very angry (1956); also as silly as a mad hen (Orsman, 1999)

138. as stupid as a gumdigger's dog (1964) kumarahou, a northern North Island shrub Pomaderris kumeraho (1961); also as mad (useless) as a gumdigger's dog (Orsman, 1999)

139. as the whole quid, genuine, real (1980) e.g. 'Does she think it's the whole quid or a put on?' 'She says real.' (Orsman, 1999)

140. as thin as the back of a chair. 1960; thin In expressions of comparison, indicating extreme thinness of farm animals: 1960 e.g. The sheep were half wild Merino wethers, as thin as the back of a chair, and as fast and scattery as a southerly gale. The dogs working them were as thin as bicycles. (Orsman, 1999)

141. as tight as an oyster at low water, characterising extreme parsimony. 1928 e.g. The last farmer I worked for was tighter than an oyster at low water. A duck's arsehole would have nothing on him. (Orsman, 1999)

142. as useless as a gumdigger's dog (1964) kumarahou, a northern North Island shrub Pomaderris kumeraho (1961); also as stupid as a gumdigger's dog (Orsman, 1999)

143. as wild as a buck rat, very wild, completely untamed. 1953 (Orsman, 1999)

144. as wild as a meat-axe, very wild (1970); most eccentric (1943) (Orsman, 1999)

145. Asian moll, a prostitute catering for Asian fishermen (1982); Also Jap moll (Orsman, 1999)

146. ask the (big) question Whether a challenge can be responded to, the answer implied; eg 'And now the big question is being asked of Waikato.' John McBeth commentating on TV1 on the game between Waikato and New Zealand Maoris, 8 July 1995, at the stage when the Maoris were drawing away and Waikato needed a huge effort. (McGill, 1995)

147. at a (or the) rate of knots Very fast: RN coll.: mid-C. 19-20. (Granville.) Current also in Aus. and NZ since ca. 1860: see, e.g., 'Tom Collins', Such is Life, 1903, and G.B. Lancaster,

Sons o' Men, 1904. (Partridge, 1984) / at the rate of knots Very fast: naval coll: mid-C.19-20. Granville. Current also in Australia and New Zealand since ca 1860. (Partridge, 2006b)

148. at the flaxroots, transferring the sense of at the grassroots 'at the level of the ordinary people or the rank and file' to a Maori context through the symbol of New Zealand flax, much used in Maori artifacts and decoration. 1997 e.g. Her valuable work at the flaxroots with Maori people led to her selection. (Orsman, 1999)

149. ate the cow and worried the tail leftovers. (James, Radio Manawatu, 28 August 1989.) (McGill, 1995)

150. Auckland bashing 'Dunedin was founded by Presbyterians, Christchurch by Anglicans, Wellington by merchants, and Auckland by pirates. An old saying. 'In Dunedin they ask what church you attend, in Christchurch what school you went to, in Wellington people always ask what they work at, in Auckland where you moor your yatch. A new saying, recorded by Kate Coughlan, Evening Post, 11 September 1991. (McGill, 1995)

151. auction block Applied to a former employer-centred system of hiring wharf labour whereby the foremen of the various shipping companies stood on a small platform or block with the men awaiting employment before them and nominated those they required to work their own ships, often giving preference to certain groups of men and ignoring others. 1926 (Orsman, 1999)

152. Auks, the also Aucks, the NZ colloq. a rugby etc. team representing Auckland (Deverson, 2006) / Auks, the A former familiar, brief, headline-friendly name for the Auckland representative rugby union team, now often the Blues. (Orsman, 1999)

153. Aunt Daisy Pre- and postwar broadcaster and national icon Maud Ruby Basham, who picked up her nickname on Radio 1YA children's session in the late 1920s and carried through four decades as the fast-talking and irrepressible morning radio shopping reporter. She was the first and probably the last personality to reject a lucrative offer from America to take her compulsive chat there. (McGill, 1995)

154. auntie noun 1) a disoriented unlambed ewe that thinks she has lambed and steals the lamb of another NEW ZEALAND, 1999 (Partridge, 2008) / auntie 2) A derogatory former name for an older effeminate male homosexual, or suspected homosexual. 1946 e.g. He was a tonk all right, just a real old auntie. (1946, Frank Sargeson) (Orsman, 1999)

155. Aussie bashing What is the definition of a well-balanced Aussie? He wears chips on both shoulders. What are the three best years in an Aussie's life? The fourth form. A Kiwi saying: If at first you don't succeed, you can always become a state premier in Australia. (McGill, 1995)

156. Aussie haka, Australian haka noun 1) a gesture showing that you have no money to pay for the next round of drinks at a pub NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008) / Aussie haka A public song and dam indicating lack of cash when met with a bill, one's turn to pay or shout, etc. by patting pockets (breast and trouser) and making arm movements resembling those of a true haka. 1997 (Orsman, 1999)

157. Aussie, Ossie A shortened familiar name for an Australian (1917, Aust. 1918); and for Australia (1928, Aust. 1915). (Orsman, 1999)

158. Aussie, Ossie As an adjective, Australian. 1910 e.g. Aussie troops entered Bethlehem on Christmas Eve. You can be sure shepherds watched their flocks that night. (Orsman, 1999)

159. Australian haka See Aussie haka (Partridge, 2008) / Australian haka A television ad in which a group of drinkers inform one it is his turn to shout. He pats four pockets vigorously and then whines, 'Where's me flamin wallet?' (McGill, 1995)

160. average bloke See ordinary bloke (Orsman, 1999)

161. average Kiwi bloke See ordinary bloke (Orsman, 1999)

162. aw come off it; aw, interjection A speech prefix, particularly frequent in New Zealand, usually indicating entreaty, doubt or patient disapprobation; often followed by heck, hell, come off it, etc. 1928 (Orsman, 1999)

163. aw heck See aw come off it (Orsman, 1999)

164. aw hell See aw come off it (Orsman, 1999)

165. away back. See wayback (Orsman, 1999)

166. away laughing adjective in a good position, especially when embarking on a new venture NEW ZEALAND, 1965 (Partridge, 2008)

167. away the tea-tree, in the remote country areas, in the 'sticks' (1904); also (up) in the tea-tree (Orsman, 1999)

168. away with the fairies As away with the fairies, said of a day-dreamer or an impractical person. 1988 (Orsman, 1999)

169. away with the pixies daydreaming NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008)

170. axe-handle A rough but familiar measure of breadth, often, of a man's shoulders or, patriarchally, of a woman's buttocks (see also PICK HANDLE) 1961 (Aust. 1958) e.g. Scores of league players, shoulders six axe handles wide, had snuggled up with Bob on the couch. (1993) (Orsman, 1999)

171. Auckland versus Wellington The rivalry was there from the start. In his 1843 London publication, Lieutenant Johh Wood wrote in Twelve Months in Wellington, Port Nicholson; or Notes for the Public and the New Zealand Company: 'Auck1and, in the course of years, must become the chief colony, for here nature has done what neither capital nor puffing can do for Wellington.' (McGill, 1995); (Partridge, 2006b)

172. bab (1936) Australian & New Zealand; short for babbling brook 'cook' (Ayto,

1998)

173. babbler noun a sheep camp-cook. An abbreviation of the rhyming slang BABBLING BROOK NEW ZEALAND, 1919 (Partridge, 2008), (Orsman, 1999) / babbler. Aus. and Brit. var. of babbling brook, 1: WW1 military > gen. (Partridge, 1984)

174. babbling brook Also in short babbler. 1944 (Aust. 1904) Rhyming slang for cook, especially a stock-station, camp, or army cook. 1918 (Aust. 1913) (Orsman, 1999); (Ayto, 1998)

175. Babe Ruth noun the truth. Prison rhyming slang NEW ZEALAND, 1999 (Partridge,

2008)

176. Baby Blacks See 1997 North & South Dec. 140 In 1986 ... Kirk declined to join the rebel Cavaliers team which was paid to tour South Africa. When those players were stood down by the NZRFU for two tests as a punishment, Kirk was appointed captain of a team labelled the Baby Blacks. (Orsman, 1999)

177. bach noun a vacation cottage NEW ZEALAND, 1984 (Partridge, 2008) / bach (also batch) NZ n. a small usu. simply-furnished house, weekend cottage, etc. (Deverson, 2006) / bach, batch, n. From BACH v. Originally a detached or semi-detached simple urban habitation, often merely a single room, with no or primitive conveniences, rented as a cheap lodging (1911); occasionally applied to a bachelor establishment (1913) e.g. Some suburban bloods lately gave a more or less 'fancy dress' ball at a 'bach,' where six young men and a housekeeper manage to keep the wolf from the door; also a rural cottage, hut or whare occupied by a farm worker (c1924)_e.g. An untidy two roomed cottage. Could that be the batch of which Julius had so often spoken. (1950); the main modern sense is a weekend or holiday cottage or second residence, especially at the beach or lakeside, in southern New Zealand called a crib (1924, Aust. 1929, probably from NZ) In poor condition but suitable for Bach. (1920s) A Christchurch businessman who applied for unemployment benefit arranged a scheme so that he could keep a $300,000 bach. (1993) (Orsman,

1999) / bach, n. A holiday cottage: NZ, esp. the North Island: later C.20. (Margaret Moore, 1980.) See crib. (Partridge, 1984) / bach A machine for appreciating the view; an old overcoat standing in the landscape. Architect Graham Lane offered the second of these recent professional appreciations of the humble weekend and holiday cottage that is such an established part of Kiwi culture. Baches are anything but professional, usually put together from odds and ends, secondhand or free, raddled furniture, cold showers, outback dunnies, all offering the city slicker the opportunity to rough it at the beach or in the hills and assure himself or herself they can do-it-themselves. (McGill, 1995)

178. bach with (another). 1905 See bach, v. (Orsman, 1999)

179. bach, batch, v. in NZ probably a shortened form of bachelorise; possibly from US bach v. 1862 (itself, so Oxford English Dictionary, directly from US bach n. (1855) 'a bachelor').

To live alone as a bachelor, to 'do' for oneself (often in the temporary absence of a spouse); to share living quarters, domestic chores, and expenses, usually with a person (occasionally, persons) of the same sex. 1890 (Aust. 1882) Also bach with (another). 1905 (Orsman, 1999) / bach, v. colloq. (usu. of a man) live alone, cook and keep house for oneself (Deverson, 2006)

180. bachelor's button From the general English name for plants with round or buttonlike flowers. In New Zealand applied especially to the perennial Cotula coronopifolia, having bright yellow flower heads (1920); also, possibly from a fancied resemblance to the flower, it has been applied to a small cake (1924). In an entirely different sense and reference, the name of a button formerly put into a Christmas pudding with the usual small coins indicating that a man finding it will remain a bachelor (that is, will have to provide and sew on his own buttons). 1938 (Orsman, 1999)

181. bachelors and benedicts Contests between single and married men, the latter taking their name from the character in Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing, a confirmed bachelor snared into matrimony. (Partridge) (McGill, 1995)

182. bacher, one who baches, or lives in, uses, or owns a BACH (1928, Aust. 1895) (Orsman, 1999)

183. baching, used especially of males, living apart from a family or without domestic help, 'doing for oneself in various circumstances (1916, Aust. 1936) e.g. To get the full flavour of baching you hire a bach as big as a piano case and fill it with three times as many people as it will hold. (Orsman, 1999)

184. back block See the backblocks (Orsman, 1999)

185. back of beyond A humorous phrase for a remote, outlying place or district; BACKBLOCKS. 1911 (Aust. 1888) e.g. I shall never forget the small dark man [i.e. Samuel Butler] who took up a run at the back of beyond, carted a piano up there on a bullock dray, and passed his solitary evenings playing Bach's fugues. (Orsman, 1999)

186. back up on (someone) 1) to gang up on (someone) for retaliation. 2) Also in prison use, to re-offend. 1997 (Orsman, 1999)

187. back, the. From the adjective back 'remote; to the rear (of a building or section)'. A former name for a detached earth closet; a 'little house' (usually placed at the back of a house or section). cl920 (Orsman, 1999)

188. backblocker noun a resident of a remote area, especially the area beyond the river gorges in Canterbury and Otago, New Zealand NEW ZEALAND, 1910 (Partridge, 2008); (Partridge, 1984)

189. backblocks As an adjective, characteristic of areas remote from a town and its amenities; self-reliant, or (pejoratively) rough in form or manner, makeshift. cl875 (Aust. 1868) e.g. I felt under-dressed arriving from Havelock in my backblock clothes. (Orsman, 1999)

190. backblocks, the taking both singular and plural verbs. 1) Originally, as back block, a (surveyed) block of grazing land remote from a main station or homestead, or from the coast (1852), 2) thence to the present backblocks for the remote or sparsely settled hinterland lacking the urban amenities of more closely settled districts. 1901 (Aust. 1872) 3) Also in humorous use, a suburb distant from a city center (Orsman, 1999)

191. backbone of New Zealand, the See the backbone of the country (Orsman, 1999)

192. backbone of the country (or land, or New Zealand), the now usually applied to the farmers or the farming community (occasionally to their sheep), regarded as the main producers of natural wealth. 1905 e.g. Backbone of the country the farmer is, of course, and sees no need for a headpiece to complete the job. (1934, Robin Hyde) (Orsman, 1999)

193. backbone of the land, the See the backbone of the country (Orsman, 1999)

194. backdoor man Also US, a married woman's fancy man who calls circumspectly by the backdoor to entertain her while her husband is at work. cl930s Compare BOW TIE. (Orsman, 1999)

195. backdoor pensioner noun a sheep dog who is past his working days. The term implies an honourable retirement. A dog of similar years but just a 'bit of an old pooch' would be more likely referred to as a POT-LICKER NEW ZEALAND, 1981 (Partridge, 2008)

196. back-slack verb to talk back NEW ZEALAND, 1929 (Partridge, 2008) / back-slack, v. To answer back insolently; to cheek, to 'back-chat'. 1929 (Orsman, 1999)

197. back-up retaliation, revenge. 1982 (Orsman, 1999)

198. bad spin, a a period of adversity; spin .in transferred use with a modifier, a run of luck, a chance, a 'go', especially in the collocations a bad (crook, rough, tough) spin (Orsman, 1999)

199. baffle with bullshit Deceive (v.) ANZ (McGill, 1995)

200. bag The plastic bag of the breathalyser into which suspected drinking drivers must blow (Orsman, 1999)

201. bagful of busted arseholes noun the epitome of ugliness or feeling poorly NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008)

202. bail (up), v. From British dialect bail, bail up 'to tie up, fasten'; 1) from 1841 used as a command to dairy cows. 2) The main modern informal uses are those from the practice of early bushrangers of halting (a person or group) forcibly for purposes of robbery (1863, Aust. 1838), and 3) weakened to a sense of 'buttonholing', or accosting and halting a person often to ask for a favour, loan, etc. (1879). e.g. She bailed me up and asked if I was going to keep my promise and marry her mother (Orsman, 1999)

203. bait Short for whitebait. 1972 (Orsman, 1999)

204. bait, to (try to) catch whitebait (Orsman, 1999)

205. baiter a whitebaiter (1989). (Orsman, 1999)

206. bake noun illegal drugs manufactured in an illegal laboratory NEW ZEALAND, 1986 (Partridge, 2008); / the process or result of making a batch of homebake (Orsman, 1999)

207. bake verb to manufacture illegal drugs in a laboratory NEW ZEALAND, 1986. (Partridge, 2008) / bake Among drug-users, to manufacture HOMEBAKE. (Orsman, 1999)

208. baker, one who manufactures homebake. 1986 e.g. I'm baking Thursday. Come around Friday night for a taste. (Orsman, 1999)

209. bakshee lance-Jack. A lance-corporal: army: esp. Aus. and NZ, WW1 (E.P.) - and British Army until at least 1975 (P.B.). bal oil. See give (one) bal oil. (Partridge, 1984)

210. bald as bandicoot, n. An Australian marsupial as an emblem of baldness (1995, Aust. 1873) (Orsman, 1999)

211. baldy! I refuse (cf. English schoolboy's 'fain I'): NZ juvenile: late C.19-20. (B., 1941.) No hairs on one's head: nothing to offer (Partridge, 1984) / baldy! refuse! A children's catchword NEW ZEALAND, 1942 (Partridge, 2008) / baldy! Refusing to obey, probably from Australian pidgin Aboriginal 'bale, bale, bail', meaning no. Later C19/early C20 (McGill, 1995) / baldy Of uncertain origin, perhaps a variant of British barley!. A former cry of Pax! used in children's games. 1941 (Orsman, 1999)

212. Ball of Fire WW2 (N. Africa). The nickname of the Second New Zealand Division in North Africa. See 1942 Churchill 11 Nov. in War Speeches (1952) II. 357 The New Zealand Division, that 'ball of fire' as it was described to me by those who had seen it at work. (Orsman, 1999)

213. ball of muscle noun a person with a great deal of energy NEW ZEALAND, 1984 (Partridge, 2008) / ball of muscle Used of a physically fit, vigorous person. 1964 (Aust. 1914) (Orsman, 1999)

214. ball-game. In that's a different or another or a whole new ball-game, that's an entirely different state of affairs, condition, situation, hence also matter or subject: c.p. adopted, in UK and NZ, ca. 1973, ex US; Aus. had it mid-1940s. See DCpp. at it's a different (Partridge, 1984)

215. ballhead noun a white New Zealander NEW ZEALAND, 1989 (Partridge, 2008)

216. ballie A familiar term for a ball-bearing used as a marble. 1983 (Orsman, 1999)

217. ball-park figures. Rough figures, a 'gues(s)timation': NZ civil engineers': mid-1970s. (John Davies, 1977). Prob. ex US. Cf. the RAF, 1970s, use of ball-park, 'Generally in the right place, as "the target was in the ball-park" (S/Ldr G.D. Wilson, 1979) (Partridge, 1984)

218. balls like a Scoutmaster great courage or sexual prowess. Based on the image of a Boy Scout leader as a paedophile NEW ZEALAND, 1999. (Partridge, 2008)

219. balls to that lark! Nothing doing!: NZ c.p.: since ca. 1920. (Slatter.) An elab. of balls to that!, common to all the Commonwealth countries and current since late C.19. Cf. (Partridge, 1984)

220. banana boat An informal name for a ship formerly engaged in the Pacific Island fruit trade, and formerly a vehicle for Island immigration to New Zealand. 1987 (but much earlier) Compare FOB. (Orsman, 1999)

221. banana noun a New Zealand-born Chinese person NEW ZEALAND, 1998. (Partridge, 2008)

222. bandicoot, n. An Australian marsupial as an emblem usually of misery (1891, Aust. 1845) (Orsman, 1999)

223. bandicoot, v. From some alleged habits of the Australian bandicoot, to steal (usually potatoes) by removing the tubers without disarranging the haulms c1940 (Aust. 1896) (Orsman, 1999)

224. bang goes that used for suggesting that something has come to an end NEW ZEALAND, 1998. (Partridge, 2008)

225. bang slap Elsewhere usually slap-bang. Characteristic of a sudden or violent meeting. 1922 e.g. I ran bang-slap into him in the street. (Orsman, 1999)

226. bang the Bible, to to moralise in a loud-mouthed fashion (cl962) (Orsman, 1999)

227. banged up pregnant NEW ZEALAND, 2002 (Partridge, 2008)

228. banger A (large) noisy firecracker. 1937 See also DOUBLE-BANGER. (Orsman,

1999)

229. bangs like a teaky pipe when the tap's turned on Sexually enthusiastic partner. (McGill, 1995)

230. banjo noun in rugby, a head-high tackle NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008)

231. bank, the an earth embankment (then occasionally so called, now more often the terraces) used as a grandstand in many New Zealand sports (especially rugby union) fields, and often associated with the rowdier spectators; by metonymy the 'regulars' of the bank as a group (1921) (Orsman, 1999)

232. banker A river in high flood, 'bank high' or with the bed covered 'bank and bank' (Orsman, 1999)

233. bantie, banty Possibly originally US, where banty has been in widespread use from 1890. A familiar name for a pet bantam; also a call to bantams. 1936 (Orsman, 1999)

234. bar verb to give somebody a ride on the bars or your bicycle NEW ZEALAND, 1959 (Partridge, 2008) / bar, v. To carry a passenger on the bar of a bicycle, to DOUBLE-BANK, c1954 (Orsman, 1999)

235. Barber noun < the Barber> the Greymouth wind coming across and off the Mawhera River NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008) / barber, n.1 A figurative use from the time when it was usual to be shaved by a barber, and feel the keen, cold air on a freshly shaven face. Recorded originally in eastern Canada, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland (and Shetland Islands) with the meanings 'a mist or keen wind con-taining ice-crystals' (1830); 'frost-smoke arising from water; a bitterly cold wind' (1830). Usually as the barber, a cold, cutting wind 'keen enough to shave a person', often with mist or fog, originally and usually associated with Grey-mouth on the West Coast but also used elsewhere in New Zealand. 1908 (Orsman, 1999)

236. barber, n. From a transferred use of barber, an obsolete Australian nickname for a shearer (Aust. 1898) (Orsman, 1999)

237. barber's annual clip, the annual shearing (1952) (Orsman, 1999)

238. barber's breakfast, see 1962 J.K. Baxter Horse (1985) 101 After a barber's breakfast—the dry retches, a bottle of beer and a cigarette—Horse went to a phone box and dialled Zoe's number. (Orsman, 1999)

239. barbie, barby A familiar name for a barbecue, or (the occasion of) a meal cooked on (or at) a barbecue. 1986 (Aust. 1976) e.g. Whack another sausie on the barbie, mate! (Orsman, 1999)

240. bare-bottom haka A haka which includes the presentation of bare buttocks to the recipient, as a mark of contempt. (Maori whakapohane.) 1967 Compare BROWN-EYE. (Orsman, 1999)

241. bark to vomit (McGill, 1995)

242. bark up the wrong tree. To be at fault in an attempt, an aim, a method; follow a false scent; deal with the wrong person. Orig. US (—1833); anglicised ca. 1890, but less in Britain than in Aus. and NZ. Coll. rather than s. Ex a dog hunting a racoon. (Partridge, 1984), (Partridge, 2006b)

243. barker Probably from the barking or yapping sound of its call, or possibly from a phonetic alteration of its Maori name, poaka. The pied stilt. 1966 (Orsman, 1999)

244. barmaid's blush Rum (or port wine) and raspberry as a bar-room drink, c1930s, Marlborough (Aust. 1912) (Orsman, 1999)

245. barmy as bandicoot An Australian marsupial as an emblem of eccentricity (Orsman, 1999)

246. Barn dance, the; also the scramble. Pedestrians scurrying across a street diagonally as soon as the indicator says 'Go' or 'Cross': at crossings where all traffic halts: Aus. and NZ: since ca. 1950. The former was named after Commissioner Barnes—Traffic Commissioner of New York City—the inventor of the buzz crossing; origin of latter, obvious. (Partridge, 1984), (McGill, 1995)

247. barney Also, as a verb, to argue, to dispute. 1880 (Aust. 1861) (Orsman, 1999) / barney (1876) British, Australian, & New Zealand; from barney argument. To argue (Ayto, 1998)

248. barney, n. an unfair sporting event, esp. a boxing match: orig. Cockney (Sessions, July 1877); also common in Aus. and NZ: late C.19-20. (B., 1941.) (Partridge, 1984) / barney Probably from British dialect. A rowdy argument or dispute, a quarrel, a fight (Orsman, 1999), (Ayto, 1998)

249. Baron Munchausen the Second? 'New Zealand is ignorant of or indifferent to the terms of warfare commonly accepted by civilised countries.' A quote from Count Felix von Luckner in one of his many letters from his prisoner-of-war cell on Ripapa (formerly Ripa) Island, Lyttelton, to the World War One Minister of War Sir James Allen, challenging him to improve the conditions of his incarceration there and that of his crew on Somes Island, Wellington. The count objected to paying ninepence a nip for whisky out of his four shillings and sixpence per diem allowance. At war's end Deputy Chief Postal Censor Danner assessed the repatriated count as 'Baron Munchausen the Second', a reference to the famous German liar, in a note to Sir James Al1en. Attached was a photograph from a German newspaper of the count in Maori dress holding a mere, the inscription suggesting the Maori were demonstrating their affection 'by naming me their eldest chief Waititi (sacred water)'. Danner suggested 'his self-esteem is very considerablyy above the normal and his sense of truth primitive'. The count won. On his return here in 1938 he was escorted to Motuihi Island, where he was imprisoned initially in WWI and whence he escaped, and around the country by admiring generals and high officials. The suggestion he was a spy was rejected. New Zealand officials referred to him as a man of honour who had sunk 25 British ships without causing any loss of life. And as a lad he had sat on Queen Victoria's knee. (McGill, 1995)

250. barra A shortened form of barracouta. 1970 See also COUTA. (Orsman, 1999)

251. barrack for, to voice public, usually noisy, partisan support for (often a contestant or team). 1905 e.g. In America 'rooting' is a well-established art, but in New Zealand barracking (or rooting, for that matter) is still merely a haphazard practice. (Orsman, 1999)

252. barrack, n. Noisy (usually good-humoured) chaff or argument in support of or opposing the actions of others. 1895 e.g. Oh, there's music in the barrack of the gay sparks in the pit. (1897) (Orsman, 1999)

253. barrack, v. Probably from Northern Ireland dialect barrack 'to brag'; any connection with borak is unlikely. To jeer at, to tease (a person, especially a performer or an opponent) (1897, Aust. 1878); conversely, especially of sports followers, to support noisily (1890). (Orsman, 1999)

254. barracker The English Dialect Dictionary (1905) glosses barracker as 'a braggart'. An enthusiastic supporter, or vociferous spectator (especially at sports gatherings); occasionally, a vociferous critic. 1887 (Aust. 1889) e.g. He muffed the ball a good deal, and came under the lash of the merciless 'barracker'. (Orsman, 1999)

255. barracouta loaf, formerly a nominal 1,5 lb (700 g) loaf, baked long and narrow in an open-topped tin to give a raised crust which fancifully resembled the (back of a) barracouta fish (see also couta), and often indented in the middle to enable breaking into two smaller loaves. 1916 (Orsman, 1999)

256. barrel verb to scold someone. Prison usage NEW ZEALAND, 1999. (Partridge, 2008) / barrel, v. In prison use, to chastise. 1997 (Orsman, 1999)

257. barrelarse Short and stubby. (McGill, 1995)

258. base-bludger (1959), and the alterations of military base-wallah, base-walloper (1935 for WW1), and base-wallower (1947) were contemptuous names for an officer serving at base, occasionally used of other (alleged) 'layabouts'. See also BLUDGER, and Siegfried Sassoon's 'Base Details' for the concept in WW1: If I were fierce and bald and short of breath, / I'd liv with scarlet Majors at the Base, / And speed glum heroes up the line to death. (Orsman, 1999)

259. base-walloper (1935 for WW1) contemptuous name for an officer serving at base (Orsman, 1999) / base-walloper noun a military officer serving at a rear echelon base NEW ZEALAND, 2002 (Partridge, 2008)

260. base-wallower (1947) contemptuous name for an officer serving at base (Orsman,

1999)

261. bash artist noun a person prone to fighting NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008)

262. bash up verb to construct something with haste and a lack of care NEW ZEALAND, 1999 (Partridge, 2008) / bash up A variant of knock up. To BUILD, to make (quickly or inexpertly), e.g. Surely anyone can bash up a stew. (Orsman, 1999)

263. bash, n. Extensions of bash 'a (wild) blow'. Mainly in the plural, for cane strokes used in school discipline; also in Black Power gang jargon, as the bash, a series of punitive beatings. See 1997 Dominion (Wellington) 4 Apr. 12 'If I hadn't done it [i.e.. paid the illicit proceeds to a Black Power gang leader] I would have got the bash or a lineup,' the woman said. She said a 'bash' was repeated beatings that would continue for weeks. (Orsman, 1999)

264. bash, n1. A booze session or drinking bout; a party (Orsman, 1999)

265. bash, v. An extension of bash 'to strike roughly, to smash'. In the language of trampers and outdoor folk, applied to rough and difficult travel through scrub, up river-beds, etc., demanding vigour in making progress. 1906 Compare boulder bash (boulder), bush-bashing. (Orsman, 1999) / bash ... as a verb, to cane or strap (1984); See bash, n.2 (Orsman, 1999)

266. Basin Reserve, the See the Basin (Orsman, 1999); (McGill, 1995)

267. Basin, The / The Basin Reserve Oval sports ground in central Wellington that is a gem among international cricketing venues, but only 12,000 or 50 through the turnstiles is not enough to get the big games anymore. Result of the 1855 earthquake lifting the land and draining a large pond. (McGill, 1995) / Basin Usually as the Basin (Reserve), a Wellington municipal sports ground formed from a reclaimed tidal basin. 1910 (Orsman, 1999)

268. bastard birch; bastard Used in New Zealand, as elsewhere, in the popular names of plants and animals which resemble (but often cannot match the qualities of) their namesakes (bastard birch, bastard sandalwood, bastard cod, bastard trumpeter)', or, occasionally, for those

which have displeasing or nasty ('bastardly') qualities, such as bastard-grass, a hook-grass (Uncinia species) with little hooks on its blades (1950) (Orsman, 1999)

269. bastard cod See bastard birch (Orsman, 1999)

270. bastard sandalwood See bastard birch (Orsman, 1999)

271. bastard trumpeter See bastard birch (Orsman, 1999)

272. bastard-grass See bastard birch (Orsman, 1999)

273. bathers' itch A skin irritation caused by a free-swimming stage of a blood fluke or schistosome (having as an intermediate host the native freshwater snail) first recorded from Lake Wanaka in 1944. 1967 Also occasionally duck itch, swimmer's itch (Orsman, 1999)

274. bathing togs a bathing costume (1927, Aust. 1918) (Orsman, 1999)

275. battle verb to have sex; to impregnate someone NEW ZEALAND, 1998 (Partridge, 2008) / battle Make pregnant or make love. (McGill, 1995)

276. be (get) bluffed, to 1) To be stopped or hindered by a 'bluff (or cliff); 2) to be forced to retrace one's steps; 3) hence, to get lost. 1933 e g. The taxi driver didn't know the town and got bluffed in the back streets. (Orsman, 1999)

277. be (get) flakers, to Also naval slang To be or become unconscious through drink, to become flaked out'. 1961 e.g. Charlie's in the rubbity this arfto. He'll probably be flakers by closing-time (Orsman, 1999)

278. be (go) mates (with), to to work as an equal partner with (1866, Aust. 1876) (Orsman, 1999)

279. be (have) a shingle short, to to be intellectually wanting, 'not all there' (1862, and still in use in 1997: compare the older to have a tile (shingle) loose, and the contemporary to be a brick short of a load); shingle A figurative use of shingle 'a thin wooden roof-tile', a common colonial roof covering. Alluding to mental retardation, with a play on something missing up top' ... (Orsman, 1999)/ shingle. In be, or have, a shingle short, to be mentally deficient: Aus. and NZ version of 'a tile loose': since mid-C.19, s. >, ca. 1910, gen. coll. Mundy, 1852; Mrs Campbell Praed, 1885. (OED.) (Partridge, 1984)

280. be (shook) on (a person or thing) to, (to be) greatly taken with, (to be) keen on, (to be) enamoured of. (1875, Aust.1868); shook, adjective From an archaic or dialect past participle of shake v. 'to quiver with emotion'. (Orsman, 1999)

281. be [x] shillings in the pound, to See be [x] shillings in the quid (Orsman, 1999)

282. be [x] shillings in the quid (occasionally pound), to to be mentally or intellectually deficient (1941, Aust. 1944) e.g. I heard Mum saying that I'm not the full quid: see also SHILLING; as to make a quid, to make or earn money (1977) (Orsman, 1999)

283. be a box of birds, to to be or feel fine, fit, in health, 'chirpy'; often used as a reply to a greeting. 1943 (Orsman, 1999)

284. be a dag at, to to be extremely good at: from mid-1890s, Aus.; hence, by 1920, NZ. Ex 1, but cf. dab, n., 1. (Partridge, 1984) / be a dag at, to to be extremely good at, possibly an alteration of be a dab at. 1937 for cl920 (Orsman, 1999)

285. be a few bricks short of a load, to To be intellectually wanting (1985). (Orsman,

1999)

286. be a gold watch (or she's a gold watch), to said to a person or of a thing giving satisfaction. 1987 e.g. Thanks for your message. You're a gold watch, a gold watch. Compare GOOD AS GOLD, GOLDIE. (Orsman, 1999)

287. be a halfpenny short of a shilling, to ... to be half-witted or simple-minded (1913); Probably from British dialect as ninepence to the shilling 'to be half-witted' (Orsman, 1999)

288. be a runner, to to be in the running, to be worthy of consideration. 1994 e.g. The Mayor said that as the idea of stocks for shoplifters was illegal it was never a runner. (Orsman, 1999)

289. be a skinner, to, to be penniless, broke, 'skint'; empty, finished; having no (liquor, food, etc.) left. 1946 e.g. I'm a skinner. Not a razoo left.; ... a skinner formed on skinned 'penniless' and used predicatively (Orsman, 1999); (Ayto, 1998)

290. be a starter (for), to to (be willing to) take part in, to be ready for or prefer (a course of action). 1944; starter From starter 'one who starts in a race'. (Orsman, 1999)

291. be a terror for, to ... to be 'a great one' for, to be 'terribly' keen on. 1886 e.g. A vagrant asked by a radio interviewer in a 1980s silly season whether he would fancy boiled elephant's foot for Christmas dinner, replied: 'I don't know about that, but I'm a terror for my veges.' (Orsman, 1999)

292. be all behind (or all over the road) like Brown's cow(s), to Probably an alteration of all behind like a cow's tail, and/or possibly all behind like Barney's bull (the reference here may be also to a bull's progenitive mounting), with perhaps a play on the elocutionary 'How now, brown cow'. To be disorganised; to be behind with a job, etc.; to lag; to wander aimlessly. 1920 (Occasionally said of a big-rumped person.) (Orsman, 1999)

293. be all over the road like Brown's cow(s), to See to be all behind like Brown's cow(s) (Orsman, 1999)

294. be away laughing, to to make a good start NEW ZEALAND, 1964 (Partridge, 2008) / be away laughing, to often as an exclamation, to be off to a good start; to be in the lead; to be well on the way to success. 1965 e.g. Wait till the insurance for the truck comes through. Then we're away laughing. (Orsman, 1999)

295. be away with the sesquis, to: to have unrealisable ambitions, to desire the unattainable (McGill, 1995) / be away with the sesquis, to: to be forced to complete only one-third of a task (Orsman, 1999)

296. be bombed, to See to get bombed (Orsman, 1999)

297. be boxed (up), to See to get boxed (up) (Orsman, 1999)

298. be caught with (one's) hand in the lolly jar, to to be caught red-handed in something underhand especially where money or profit is concerned (1988). (Orsman, 1999)

299. be cobbers with, to To be (close) friends with. e.g. The man who is 'cobbers' with Christ comes off best if he's ever so poor. (1897) (Orsman, 1999)

300. be dog-tucker, to To be in a losing or 'no-win' position or situation (1990). (Orsman, 1999)

301. be done like a dog's dinner, to NZ colloq. be soundly defeated (Deverson, 2006)

302. be donkey-deep in, to (the original reference is obscure), to be immersed in, up to one's neck' in. 1918 (Orsman, 1999)

303. be financial, to To have cash money available. 1935 (Aust. 1899) Compare HOLDING. (Orsman, 1999); (Ayto, 1998)

304. be holding, to to be in funds, to have ready cash (cl926, Aust. 1924). See also FINANCIAL. (Orsman, 1999)

305. be in a box in a state of confusion: NZ: C.20. B., 1941 (Partridge, 1984)

306. be in a state of bob, to (to be in a state of excitement or confusion; (to be) extremely nervous: 1862 e.g. I was in a state of bob the week before the exam. Bob, n Possibly from bob up and down (with anger, annoyance). (Orsman, 1999)

307. be in crook with (a person), to indicating deterioration in personal relationships as to be lowered in the estimation of, or on bad terms with, another, to be in another's 'bad books' (Orsman, 1999)

308. be in like a butcher's cat, to To attack, or get 'stuck in' immediately and vigorously, without restraint. 1959 e.g. When it's someone else's shout he's in like a butcher's cat. (Orsman, 1999)

309. be in the dingbats, to To be silly or mad, especially with delirium tremens (1918). e.g. Boozin' again! You'll end up with the dingbats. ... (Orsman, 1999)

310. be in the dog box (with a person), to a variant of US in the doghouse, and used also in South African English, to be in disgrace (with), be out of favour (with). (1953). (Orsman, 1999)

311. be in the same barrow as, to to be in the same situation (or 'boat') as. 1960 (Orsman, 1999)

312. be in, to NZ colloq. (be willing to) participate in an activity etc. (Deverson, 2006) / (to) be in. Possibly a shortened form of be in for one's chop (i.e. 'share'), or be in on (an understanding, secret) 'to be privy to, to be an active participant in'. (Orsman, 1999)

313. be not (quite) the full pound, to to be mentally deficient, see also QUID (Orsman,

1999)

314. be not the full quid, to... to be mentally or intellectually deficient (1941, Aust. 1944) e.g. I heard Mum saying that I'm not the full quid: see also SHILLING; as to make a quid, to make or earn money (1977); quid From quid a former familiar name for a pound (note) and its component 20 shillings. (Orsman, 1999)

315. be not worth a fart in a bottle, to ... to be of no value (1981) (Orsman, 1999)

316. be off one's block, to to act crazily or unintelligently (1936) (Orsman, 1999)

317. be off one's face stupefied by drink or drugs; hence, mad, crazy, a variant of off one's head. 1984 e.g. Fucken off their faces, I reckon. Crazy. Plain Crazy! (Orsman, 1999)

318. be off the hill, to to be finished mustering (1933) e.g. The cowman home from the shed went drinking with the rabbiter home from the hill. (1944, Allen Curnow) (Orsman, 1999)

319. be on it, to to be 'on the booze', to be on an alcoholic binge (1959, Aust. 1908). (Orsman, 1999)

320. be on the box-seat, to A figurative use of box-seat '(the favoured position on) the coach-driver's high seat on the box (in which luggage, etc. was stored)', usually as to be on top of the situation, in a favourable position; to have the upper hand; to be 'sitting pretty'. 1950 e.g. Living in a good paddock. Never had it better. On the box seat. (Orsman, 1999)

321. be on the hill, to to be out mustering (Orsman, 1999)

322. be on the outer, to to be unpopular or unacceptable; to be excluded from a group (1955); to be on the outside (of prison) (1953).; outer From outer 'the outside'. (Orsman, 1999)

323. be on the tangle, to to be on the booze. 1966 e.g. He'd got hold of some grog and was on the tangle. tangle Perhaps ultimately from US tanglefoot 'strong liquor'. (Orsman, 1999)

324. be on the thrash, to (a variant of on the BASH), to be on a drinking spree, 'on the booze'. 1959 (Orsman, 1999)

325. be on to a good lurk, to an easy or soft job; a profitable enterprise or business (1959) e.g. He was on to a good lurk until the manager cottoned on. (Orsman, 1999)

326. be on with (someone), to ... to be keen on or amorously involved with, to be 'on a fuss' with (someone). 1980 (Orsman, 1999)

327. be one out of the box, to. From US out of the band box 'brand new', of a thing or person, to be outstandingly fine, especially of a day's weather. 1907 (Aust .1926) e.g. It was a fine hot day, one right out of the box. (Orsman, 1999)

328. be one's muttons, to to be what one likes; to be one's strong point (1940) e.g. Milk, however, is wee Charlie's muttons.; mutton In figurative uses, see MOUNTAIN MUTTON, UNDERGROUND MUTTON (Orsman, 1999)

329. be out on its own like a country shithouse, to to be excellent of its kind. 1961 (Orsman, 1999)

330. be out the monk with, to to be offside with, to have fallen out with (1946). e.g. Some jokers go out the monk on vodka. (Orsman, 1999)

331. be pie at (or on), to. To be very good at (something): NZ and Aus.: C.20. (B., 1941.) Pie on is prob. ex Maori pal ana. (Partridge, 1984)

332. be right as a bank, to to be completely right, fit, safe, etc. 1947 e.g. 'How's the leg, Rusty?' asked Frank. 'Right as a bank. No trouble at all.' (Orsman, 1999)

333. be sent (to go) down the road (track) to, to be sacked. 1951 e.g. You'll go down the road if ya don't wake ya ideas up. (Orsman, 1999)

334. be sent down the track, to See to be sent down the road (Orsman, 1999)

335. be sent for an early shower, to See to take an early shower (Orsman, 1999)

336. be sent to the Island, to; See to go to the Island; to get the Island (Orsman, 1999)

337. be short of the full quid, to ... to be mentally or intellectually deficient (1941, Aust. 1944) (Orsman, 1999)

338. be shot in, to. 1910 (Aust. 1968) ... To throw (someone) into gaol, especially now in the passive ... e.g. Uncle Bill nearly got 'shot in' for getting involved with a drunken fishmonger. (Orsman, 1999)

339. be sixpence in the shilling, to ... to be half-witted or simple-minded (1913); Probably from British dialect as ninepence to the shilling 'to be half-witted' (Orsman, 1999)

340. be the dead ring for (or of), to be the exact likeness or counterpart of; abbreviation of ringer (1899) Australian & New Zealand (Ayto, 1998)

341. be up one's bum to the neck, to To be very 'stuck-up', to be very fond of oneself. 1984 (Orsman, 1999)

342. be wake-ups, to (1946), to be aware (of), to be awake (to), e.g. I was a wake-up to what was in Maggie's mind. (Orsman, 1999)

343. be well in, to to be well informed. 1945 e.g. A cow-cocky who was reckoned to be pretty well in said he'd killed and eaten a lot of meat in his time, and he knew for a fact that no man could eat a whole calf. (Orsman, 1999)

344. be worse than a (two-bob) fart in a bottle, to to be of no value (1981) (Orsman,

1999)