ЭЭГ-корреляты эксплицитной и имплицитной обработки эмоциональной информации тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 19.00.02, кандидат биологических наук Слободской-Плюснин, Ярослав Юрьевич
Слободской-Плюснин, Ярослав Юрьевич
кандидат биологических наук
2011
- Специальность ВАК РФ19.00.02
- Количество страниц 148
Оглавление диссертации кандидат биологических наук Слободской-Плюснин, Ярослав Юрьевич
1. ВВЕДЕНИЕ.
2. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ.
2.1 Сознательное и бессознательное восприятие и обработка информации.
2.2 Тендерные различия в восприятии и обработке эмоциональной информации.
2.3 ЭЭГ и ритмы головного мозга.
2.4 Имплицитные экспериментальные парадигмы.
2.5 Восприятие эмоциональных выражений лиц.
3. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ.
3.1 Испытуемые и организация исследования.
3.2 Инструменты.
3.3 Запись ЭЭГ.
3.4 Процедура исследования.
3.5 Анализ данных.
3.6 Статистический анализ данных.
4. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ.
4.1 Психометрические данные.
4.2 Поведенческие данные.
4.3 Данные ЭЭГ.
5. ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ.;.
5.1 Поведенческие данные.
5.2 Данные ЭЭГ.
ВЫВОДЫ.
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Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «ЭЭГ-корреляты эксплицитной и имплицитной обработки эмоциональной информации»
Актуальность темы исследования
Эмоции составляют огромную часть нашей жизни. Можно сказать, что-без них не обходится ни одно проявление жизни человека: эмоции побуждают к действию, организуют восприятие; направляют и сосредотачивают внимание, усиливают работу памяти, «раскрашивают» воображение, они плотно вплетены в мыслительные процессы и т.д. Естественно,1 что эмоции влияют как на поведение человека, так и на его физическое и психическое здоровье (Lane, 2009; Salovey et al., 2000). Известно, что неблагоприятно сказываются на здоровье различные негативные эмоциональные переживания, как, например, чувство^ враждебности (Smith et al., 2004), депрессия (Steptoe, 2006), беспокойство (Brosschot et al., 2006) и тревожность (Kubzansky et al., 1998), отчаяние (Stern et al., 2001), стресс (Vitaliano et al., 1998) и др. Данные показывают, что, например, депрессия ассоциируется с такими заболеваниями, как коронарная болезнь сердца (Frasure-Smith, Lesperance, 2005), диабет (Katon et al., 2005) и некоторые формы рака (Onitilo et al., 2006). Кроме того, известно, что подавляющее число психических расстройств, таких как психоз, депрессия, биполярное аффективное расстройство и др., также связывают с особенностями функционирования эмоциональных процессов (Phillips et al., 2003; Waller, Scheidt, 2006). В то же время всё больше данных указывает и на то,- что позитивные эмоциональные переживания оказывают положительный эффект на здоровье (Danner et al., 2001; Pressman, Cohen, 2005).
К настоящему времени накоплено значительное количество-эмпирических данных, показывающих, что неосознаваемые эмоции могут влиять как на поведение, так и на физическое и психическое здоровье человека. Активно развивающаяся область исследования сознательных, эксплицитных, и бессознательных, имплицитных, психических процессов привела к пониманию, что сознание есть лишь вершина «когнитивного айсберга» в том смысле, что подавляющее число психических процессов осуществляется бессознательно (Gazzaniga, 1998). Показано также, что некоторые психические расстройства связаны с ограниченной возможностью сознательно воспринимать, переживать и выражать эмоции (Waller, Scheidt-, 2006). Все это определяет актуальность изучения механизмов мозга, определяющих специфику сознательной и подсознательной обработки эмоциональной информации.
Одной из*важных тем при изучении эмоций человека являются связанные с полом различия в эмоциональной сфере. Значительные тендерные различия обнаружены в ряде психических процессов - восприятии (McGinness, Pribram, 1979), памяти (Volf, Razumnikova, 1999), воображении (Hsu et al., 1994), вербальных (Hyde, Linn, 1988) и пространственных способностях (Vecchi, Girelli, 1998) и т.п. Однако, пожалуй, наиболее существенные половые различия обнаружены в восприятии, обработке и оперировании эмоциональной информацией. Во множестве исследований показано, что женщины успешнее мужчин в осознании* и выражении своих эмоций (Burton, Levy, 1989; Cozby; 1973; Grossman, Wood, 1993), более склонны и успешны в описании своих эмоциональных состояний (Asthana, Mandal, 1998; Dimberg, Lundquist, 1990; Hannah et al., 2009), придают большее значение эмоциям, и в большей степени, нежели мужчины, склонны искать соответствие между эмоциями и поведением (Gupchik, Leventhal, 1974; Dienstbier, Munter, 1971; Geer, 1965; Griffitt, et al., 1974). Кроме того, женщины проявляют больше интереса к социальным стимулам, в частности, к лицам (Proverbio et al., 2008), и значительно успешнее мужчин в понимании информации, передаваемой посредством выражений лиц (Bradley et al., 2001; Frisch, 1995; Hampson et al., 2006; Knyazev et al., 2008a, 2009a; Thayer, Johnsen, 2000). Известно также, что существуют различия между мужчинами и женщинами в активации мозговых структур при обработке эмоциональной информации (Derntl et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2005; Schneider et al., 2001). Можно думать, что существуют эволюционные предпосылки этих отличий (Archer, 2004), однако для более точного и полного установления их причин необходимо более углубленное исследование соответствующих процессов в мозге.
Для успешного изучения процессов-мозга, связанных с сознательным и подсознательным восприятием эмоций,, очень, важным является правильный выбор методов исследования активности мозга и маркеров, адекватно отражающих обработку эмоциональной, информации. Данные, накопленные на сегодняшний день, показывают, что сознательные и бессознательные психические процессы различаются по временным характеристикам, задействованным мозговым структурам и уровню анализа воспринимаемой информации. Так, бессознательное восприятие и обработка зрительной информации происходит очень быстро — в первые 250-300' мс, задействует дорзальные (затылочно-теменные) пути головного мозга, и представляет собой поверхностный анализ стимула, необходимый для мгновенного реагирования на мотивационно и/или эмоционально значимый стимул. Сознательная обработка зрительной информации требует больше времени, задействует вентральные (затылочно-височные) пути, и производит детальный анализ стимула. Изучение локализации активности в мозге человека в настоящее время* наиболее успешно осуществляется с помощью методов функциональной магнито-резонансной и позитронно-эмиссионной томографии. Однако, эти методы имеют низкое временное разрешение, поэтому для- изучения быстро протекающих процессов электроэнцефалография (ЭЭГ) до сих пор- является наиболее адекватным методом. Современные методы анализа позволяют в некоторой степени преодолеть присущие ЭЭГ недостатки, такие, например, как невозможность регистрации активности в глубоко, расположенных частях мозга. К настоящему времени накоплено значительное количество данных свидетельствующих о том, что связанное с предъявлением стимулов изменение спектральной мощности ЭЭГ в разных частотных диапазонах является коррелятом когнитивных процессов участвующих в обработке предъявляемой информации (Basar et al., 2001; Klimesch, 1999). В частности, существующие данные позволяют считать увеличение мощности тета осцилляций достаточно надежным маркером обработки эмоциональной информации (Aftanas et al., 2001, 2004; Basar et al., 2006, 2008; Doppelmayr et al., 2002). Поэтому в настоящем исследовании мы использовали этот маркер для изучения процессов сознательной и подсознательной обработки эмоциональной информации.
Цель и задачи исследования
Целью исследования было изучение временной динамики, спектральных характеристик и корковой локализации осцилляторных ответов при сознательном и подсознательном восприятии эмоциональной информации у лиц разного пола и разной чувствительности к эмоциональному содержанию стимула.
Для достижения цели были поставлены следующие задачи:
1 .Исследовать временные характеристики осцилляторных ответов на предъявление эмоциональных стимулов в эксплицитном и имплицитном режимах.
2. Исследовать локализацию источников данных эффектов в эксплицитном и имплицитном режимах.
3. Исследовать особенности осцилляторных реакций при восприятии и обработке эмоциональной информации у лиц разного пола и разной чувствительности к эмоциональному содержанию стимулов.
Научная новизна исследования
В данной работе впервые было показано следующее: индивиды с высокими оценками по психометрическим шкалам Эмоционального Интеллекта, Эмоциональной Чувствительности и Эмоциональной Включенности демонстрируют значимо более выраженную тета синхронизацию в ответ на предъявление эмоциональных стимулов, чем индивиды с низкими оценками по данным шкалам;
- различия во временной динамике осцилляторных ответов в эксплицитном и имплицитном режимах обработки эмоциональной информации;
- различия в локализации источников осцилляторной' активности при эксплицитной и имплицитной обработке эмоциональной информации;
- наличие тендерных различий в осцилляторной динамике корковых ответов при сознательной и подсознательной обработке эмоциональных стимулов.
Теоретическое и научно-практическое значение работы
Результаты исследования подтверждают связь осцилляторной активности в низкочастотных диапазонах и, в особенности, тета ритма, с процессами восприятия и обработки эмоциональной информации. Более того, понимание этой связи углубляется результатами, показывающими влияние как устойчивых личностных, так и ситуативных особенностей на процессы- восприятия и обработки эмоциональной информации. Обнаруженная временная динамика и корковая локализация осцилляторных процессов связанных с сознательным и подсознательным восприятием эмоциональной информации указывают на то, что это восприятие подчиняется законам, ранее выявленным для восприятия нейтральной зрительной информации. Этот результат важен в теоретическом плане, так как существует точка зрения, согласно которой восприятие эмоциональных и нейтральных стимулов идет по разным каналам. Обнаруженные тендерные различия в сознательном и подсознательном восприятии эмоциональной информации позволяют объяснить некоторые хорошо документированные в психологической литературе связанные с полом различия в поведении.
Таким образом, теоретическая значимость работы состоит в том, что результаты данного исследования расширяют понимание особенностей протекания эмоциональных процессов у лиц разного пола и разной эмоциональной чувствительности. В практическом плане результаты исследования представляют ценность, прежде всего, для клинической сферы, т.к. понимание специфики сознательных и бессознательных эмоциональных процессов позволяет лучше познать особенности связанных с ними психических расстройств.
Основные положения, выносимые на защиту
1. Вызванная синхронизация в тета диапазоне сильнее при предъявлении эмоциональных, чем нейтральных стимулов, а также более выражена у испытуемых с высокими, чем с низкими показателями Эмоционального Интеллекта, Эмоциональной Включенности и Эмоциональной Чувствительности.
2. Обработка эмоциональной зрительной информации в эксплицитном (сознательном) и имплицитном (бессознательном) режимах отличается по временным и пространственным характеристикам тета синхронизации: бессознательная обработка информации происходит в первые 250-300 мс и задействует доразльный зрительный тракт, тогда как сознательная обработка протекает в более поздние временные интервалы и задействует вентральный зрительный тракт.
3. Существуют тендерные различия в обработке эмоциональной информации: у мужчин более выражен подсознательный, быстрый тип обработки эмоций, тогда как у женщин превалирует сознательная, более медленная и детальная обработка.
Апробация работы
Основные результаты работы были представлены на б-ти международных и 3-х российских научных мероприятиях: на ежегодной конференции Британской ассоциации когнитивной нейронауки (Данди, Шотландия, 2007), на XX Съезде физиологического общества имени Павлова (Москва, 2007), на международной конференции «Нейровизия и нейрофизиология личностных, тревожных расстройств и отклонений, связанных с употреблением психотропных веществ» (Монреаль, Канада, 2007), на международной школе «Регуляторные системы: от базовых исследований к предотвращению болезней» (Тварминне, Финляндия, 2008), на V конференции молодых ученых «Фундаментальные науки и прогресс клинической медицины» (Москва, 2008), на 19-ом биеннале Международного общества этологии человека (Болонья, Италия, 2008), на VI Сибирском физиологическом съезде (Барнаул, 2008), на 14-ом конгрессе Международного психофизиологического общества «Олимпиада мозга» (Санкт-Петербург, 2008), на международной конференции «Мультимодальная нейровизия в нейропсихиатрии» (Стамбул, Турция, 2010).
По результатам исследования опубликовано 12 статей в рецензируемых журналах, из них 9 - в международных и 3 - в российских.
Объем и структура диссертации
Диссертация изложена на 148 страницах, включает 24 рисунка, и состоит из введения, обзора литературы, описания методов и результатов исследования, обсуждения результатов, выводов и списка литературы, включающего 567 работ.
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выводы
1. Синхронизация в тета диапазоне более выражена при предъявлении эмоциональных, чем при предъявлении нейтральных стимулов.
2. Индивиды с высокими показателями Эмоционального Интеллекта демонстрируют более сильную тета синхронизацию в ответ на предъявление эмоциональных стимулов, чем индивиды с низкими показателями, что указывает на влияние личностных черт на процесс обработки эмоциональной информации.
3. Испытуемые, более включенные в экспериментальную процедуру, и более чувствительные к эмоциональному содержанию стимулов обнаруживают более выраженную тета синхронизацию, связанную с восприятием и обработкой эмоциональных стимулов, что указывает на влияние ситуативных факторов на процесс обработки эмоциональной информации.
4. Процессы сознательной и бессознательной обработки эмоциональной информации различаются по временным характеристикам. Тета синхронизация, связанная с обработкой эмоциональных стимулов, отмечается в районе 250-300 мс при бессознательной и после 300 мс при сознательной обработке информации.
5. Процессы сознательной и бессознательной обработки эмоциональной информации различаются по источникам локализации осцилляторной активности. При бессознательной обработке задействуются правая теменная доля, угловая извилина и островковая кора, входящие в состав доразльного пути и участвующие в бессознательных психических процессах. При сознательной обработке активируются височная область, входящая в состав вентрального пути, а также лобные доли — структуры, отвечающие за осуществление сознательных психических процессов.
6. Обнаруженные тендерные различия в осцилляторных реакциях в ответ на предъявление эмоциональных стимулов указывают на различия в доминирующем типе обработки эмоциональной информации: у мужчин превалирует подсознательный, быстрый тип обработки эмоций, тогда как для женщин более характерна сознательная, более медленная и детальная обработка эмоций.
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