Исследование фотоплазмы в смесях паров натрия с инертными газами на основе 2D моделирования тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 01.04.08, кандидат наук Мандур Мохамед Махсуб Махсуб Махсуб

• Мандур Мохамед Махсуб Махсуб Махсуб
• кандидат наук
• 2021

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Мандур Мохамед Махсуб Махсуб Махсуб

Table of contents

Introduction

Chapter 1. Literature Review

1.1 A brief overview of photoplasma studies

1.2 Photovoltaic effect in photoplasma

1.3 Photoplasma creation mechanism

1.3.1 Photo-processes

1.3.2 Ionization with the participation of excited atoms

1.3.3 The collision of electrons with excited atoms

1.4 Alkali metals and inert gases

1.5 Conclusions to Chapter

Chapter 2. Numerical Model

2.1 Governing equations

2.2 Simulation Model

2.2.1 Model geometry

2.2.2 Mesh refinement

2.3 Photoplasma chemistry

2.3.3 A simple model approximation

2.3.4 Detailed photoplasma chemistry for sodium

2.4 Assumptions justifications

2.5 Conclusions to Chapter

Chapter 3. Single- and two-chambers configurations

3.1 Method and input data

3.2 Single-chamber configuration

3.3 Two-chamber configuration

3.3.1 Second chamber dimensions optimization

3.3.2 Comparison of single- and two-chamber configurations

3.3.3 Effect of second chamber geometry variation

3.3.4 Effect of photoexcitation rate variation

3.3.5 Dielectric size

3.3.6 Non-homogeneous photoexcitation profile

3.4 Conclusions to Chapter

Chapter 4. Photoplasma of different Na - X mixtures

4.1 Different Na-X gas mixtures

4.1.1 Model input

4.1.2 Basic photoplasma parameters results at different noble gas pressure

4.1.3 2D results of Na-Ne and Na-Xe mixtures

4.2 Na-Ar mixture parametric sweep at different photoexcitation rate

4.3 Parametric sweep for Na-Ar mixture with a load resistance

4.4 Conclusions to Chapter

Chapter 5. Electron vortex in 2D photoplasma

5.1 Model

5.2 Analysis of results with Na-Ar mixture

5.2.1 Details of flux components

5.2.2 Effect of argon gas pressure variation

5.2.3 Variations of photoexcitation rate at a certain buffer gas pressure

5.2.4 Variation of second chamber dimensions

5.3 Different Na-X mixtures

5.4 Conclusions to Chapter

Conclusion

List of Tables

List of Figures

Acknowledgments

References

Appendix

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Исследование фотоплазмы в смесях паров натрия с инертными газами на основе 2D моделирования»

Introduction

This work is devoted to studying photoplasma created in sodium vapor - noble gas mixtures in a two-chamber cell using 2D simulation with COMSOL Multiphysics Plasma Module. Detailed plasma chemistry included photoexcitation of alkali atoms, radiation trapping in addition to energy pooling of resonance atoms, penning and associative ionization, electron-atom (both elastic and inelastic) impact reactions, stepwise ionization, dissociative and collision-radiative recombination. The basic photoplasma parameters (charged and excited particle densities, electron temperature, and electric potential) have been obtained, and the study of transport processes has been introduced.

The relevance of the topic

Photoplasma is a specific plasma class with particular characteristics that vary significantly from that of the thermal plasma and discharge plasma that is conventionally formed. Photoplasma is produced by involving the action of optical resonance radiation on a gas. A high electron density characterizes this kind of plasma with a relatively low electron temperature (fraction of eV). It is practically difficult to accomplish these parameters by other types of plasma. The photoplasma is applied in many fields, such as laser-based isotope separation, metal alloy purification, the laser ion source, ionimplantation, and ultra-cold neutral plasma research. Photoplasma studies are relevant not only scientific but also applied. For instance, the realization and implementation of the optogalvanic effect, whose essence lies in altering plasma electrical parameters subject to resonance radiation action. In literature, the kinetics of ionization processes were discussed, and the systematization of different forms of photoplasma was addressed. There were comprehensive discussions of crucial ionization pathways in photoplasma. Various studies were developed on the nature and processes of photoplasma formation for almost a century.

Generally, the absorption of light radiation creates photoplasma, whether the light source is laser or non-laser. However, most previous studies have focused on the laser-induced photoplasma, and a little fragmented research was conducted on the non-laser one. Specifically, a model that considers the major processes of stationary photoplasma in a gas mixture of alkali metal vapor and noble gas at low pressure and moderate irradiation flux density values is not present in the literature. Therefore, a self-consistent, systematic, and correct description of the solar/lamp photoplasma, taking into account detailed plasma chemistry, remains a relevant problem

The aim of this work

The goal of the present work is to:

1. establish a self-consistent stationary photoplasma model in sodium vapor -noble gas mixtures involving explicit plasma chemistry and transport and radiative transfer processes produced by moderate non-laser irradiation power radiation (concentrated solar or lamp irradiation);

2. investigate the total effect of significant processes on the development of a stationary photoplasma (resonance excitation, radiation trapping, chemi-ionization, and the first and second type of electron-atom collisions);

3. present a comparative analysis of single- and two-chamber cells and show the effectiveness of the two-chamber cell configuration in obtaining an electromotive force (EMF) in photoplasma created by a non-laser steady irradiation source;

4. show the ability to have an electromotive force (EMF) from a two-chamber cell configuration of gas mixtures for concentrated light irradiation where it is desirable to obtain an EMF from the direct conversion of the sunlight into electricity (using focused sunlight using lenses);

5. study the effect of the second chamber dimensions and the pressure of buffer gas on the resulting EMF. Moreover, optimize the design parameters, including the gas type and the photoexcitation rate;

6. immerse the kernel of the transport processes that could give us a more detailed understanding of the processes affecting the created photoplasma parameters.

Scientific novelty and practical application of research findings:

1. The phenomenology of creating steady photoplasma using non-laser radiation absorption of sodium vapor with different noble gas mixtures is described, which is practically either absent or fragmented in the literature to date;

2. It is shown that the two-chamber configuration is more eligible for creating electromotive force (EMF) in photoplasma cells over the single-chamber one at different values of buffer gas pressures regardless of the second chamber geometry;

3. Detailed plasma chemistry is included, with the most significant operations in creating steady photoplasma, which is absent in the literature. An explicit consideration as plasma chemistry and so the charge and radiation transfer processes are presented, which allow the developing and optimizing of photoelectric converters containing alkali metal vapors;

4. It is shown that the sodium vapor-argon gas mixture introduces relatively good results over using other noble gases from plasma parameters and commercial aspects. Also, it should be noted the ecological compatibility of this composition;

5. The study of the new phenomenon - the presence of electron vortexes in steadily generated two-dimensional photoplasma is presented. Vortex electron currents effect on transport processes in 2-D photoplasma of sodium - noble gas mixtures is shown;

6. The model developed and the numerical results obtained are important in studying stationary photoplasma in various mixtures containing an alkali metal and different gas cell geometries. It may be used to design a photoelectric converter based on solar irradiation or on various gas lamps being irradiated.

The reliability of the results

The validity of the findings is based on a careful analysis and choice of available data from the literature. A qualitative estimate of different photoplasma parameters with a good analogy of the few experimental works available in the literature is presented.

The personal contribution of the author

The author entirely conducted 2D simulations and presented these results for scientific analysis; together with the scientific supervisor and scientific consultant, they created a database for this research, analyzing the working model, analyzing the results, preparing and publishing articles.

Approbation

The materials presented in this thesis were presented at Russian and International conferences:

1. 11th International Conference on Plasma Assisted Technologies (ICPAT-11), Abu-Dabi, UAE, January 22-24, 2018, http://www.plasmacombustion.org/imgs/ICPAT-11%20Book.pdf#page=50; "Development of a Solar Photoelectric Converter Based on a Two-Chamber Photoplasma"

2. 12th International Conference on Plasma Assisted Technologies (ICPAT-12), Yalta, Russia, September 2-4, 2019, http://www.plasmacombustion.com/publications/ICPAT-12%20Agenda.docx; "2D Simulation of Two-Chamber Photoplasma for Conversion of Light Radiation to Electrical Energy"

3. IX International Conference Photonics and Information Optics, Moscow, Russia, January 29-31, 2020, http://fioconf.mephi.ru/files/2019/12/FI02020-Sbornik.pdf; A photoelectric converter based on a two-chamber photoplasma cell: 2d simulation

4. Наука СПбГУ - 2020, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, December 24, 2020, https://events.spbu.ru/eventsContent/events/2020/program 2412.pdf; " Effect of vortex electron currents on photo-EMF in photoplasma with Na-Ar mixture"

5. X International Conference Photonics and Information Optics, Moscow, Russia, January 27-29, 2021, http://fioconf.mephi.ru/files/2021/01/FI02021-Sbornik.pdf; "Generation of photo-emf in a photoplasma cell containing different sodium-noble gas mixtures."

6. X International Conference Photonics and Information Optics, Moscow, Russia, January 27-29, 2021, http://fioconf.mephi.ru/files/2021/01/FIO2021-Sbornik.pdf; "Photo-emf in a single- and two-chamber photoplasma cells in a Na-Ar mixture."

Author's publications on the dissertation topic

The main results on the thesis topic are presented in 5 articles in peer-reviewed journals, indexed by the Web of Science and Scopus T1—5] :

1. Mandour M.M., Astashkevich S.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. 2-D Simulation of Two-Chamber Photoplasma for Conversion of Light Radiation to Electrical Energy // IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2020. Vol. 48, № 2. P. 394—401. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2019.2955067

2. Mandour M.M., Astashkevich S.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. Optimization of Photoelectric Converter Based on a Two-Chamber Na—Ar Gas Photoplasma // IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2020. Vol. 48, № 2. P. 402—409. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2019.2951997

3. Mandour M.M., Astashkevich S.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. 2D simulation of solar/lamp two-chamber photoelectric converter with different sodium—noble gas mixtures // Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 2020. Vol. 29, № 11. P. 115005. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/abbae6

4. Mandour M.M., Astashkevich S.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. On the validity of two-chamber configuration for the generation of electromotive force in photoplasma // IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2021. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2020.3039830

5. Mandour M.M., Astashkevich S.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. Influence of vortex electron currents on transport processes in 2-D photoplasma of sodium — noble gases mixtures // IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2021. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2020.3041183

Under Revision in Journal;

6. Mandour M.M., Astashkevich S.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. Electron vortexes in 2D steady photoplasma // submitted.

The scope and structure of the thesis

The thesis consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a list of figures, and tables, references, and an appendix. The full volume of the thesis is 139 pages with 55 figures and 6 tables. The list of references contains 171 items.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Физика плазмы», Мандур Мохамед Махсуб Махсуб Махсуб

Заключение

В заключение основные результаты, полученные в данной работе, можно сформулировать следующим образом:

1. Проведен анализ доступной литературы, посвященной исследованию различных механизмов и типов фотоплазмы, а также описан фотовольтаический эффект, наблюдаемый в различных видах фотоплазмы. Установлено, что существуют разрозненные данные об установившейся нелазерной генерации фотоплазмы.

2. Впервые подробная численная модель фотоплазмы была представлена в модуле 2Э-осесимметричной плазмы в СОМБОЬ с использованием интерфейса дрейф-диффузия. На этом интерфейсе хорошо известная модель плазменной жидкости описывает плазму с помощью следующих уравнений: (а) Уравнение неразрывности используется для расчета плотности частиц различных видов (электронных, атомных и молекулярных ионов натрия, резонансных атомов и возбужденный). (б) В то время как уравнение баланса импульса используется для получения потока частиц для различных частиц. (в) Кроме того, уравнение Пуассона для электростатического поля. (г) Наконец, уравнение баланса энергии электронов.

3. Было введено простое модельное приближение для обоснования выбора паров натрия среди паров других щелочных металлов. Были представлены обоснования базовых допущений модели, использованных в данном исследовании.

4. Впервые была представлена подробная химия фотоплазмы, включая основные, резонансные, уровни с высоким возбуждением, атомные и молекулярные ионы атома щелочного металла, с учетом резонансного поглощения излучения, улавливания излучения, объединения энергии, пеннинга и ассоциативности. ионизация и (упругие и неупругие) электрон-атомные столкновения.

5. Имитационная модель позволяет нам провести исследование оптимизации с множеством перспектив для такого сложного механизма фотоплазменных ячеек, включая следующие:

(а) Оптимизация конфигурации фотоплазменных ячеек с использованием одно- или двухкамерных ячеек. На основании полученных результатов можно сделать вывод, что двухкамерная конфигурация больше подходит для создания ЭДС в фотоплазменных ячейках, чем однокамерная, независимо от геометрии второй камеры.

(б) Оптимизация размеров и геометрии второй камеры с использованием цилиндрической, конической или сферической геометрии. Исходя из полученных результатов, ключевым моментом в получении более высокого значения ЭДС является не сама геометрия, а диффузионная длина второй камеры.

(в) Оптимизация размера диэлектрика для получения оптимального значения этого размера для целей моделирования, другими словами, для сокращения времени моделирования.

(г) Оптимизация рабочего давления буферного газа, а также типа буферного газа для получения лучшего значения ЭДС. Полученные результаты показывают существенные вариации параметров плазмы (плотности и температуры электронов, электрического потенциала и плотности резонансных уровней) для различных смесей №-Х. Эти различия связаны с различной термализацией электронов за счет упругих столкновений с атомами инертных газов в зависимости от их атомной массы и особенностями поперечного сечения этих упругих столкновений, включая хорошо известный эффект Рамзауэра - Таунсенда. Кроме того, смесь №-Аг показывает довольно хорошие результаты по сравнению с другими благородными газами с точки зрения параметров плазмы и коммерческого применения.

6. Настоящее исследование представляет собой качественные оценки различных параметров плазмы, создаваемой в фотоплазме, с хорошей аналогией с немногочисленными экспериментальными работами, доступными в литературе.

7. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы для проектирования и создания фотоэлектрического преобразователя на основе двухкамерного устройства со смесью натриевых и благородных веществ, работающего на концентрированном солнечном или газовом ламповом излучении.

8. Показано, что наряду с потоками классической амбиполярной диффузии образуются также вихревые токи электронов. Так как в плазме сложной геометрии присутствие потоков заряженных частиц может значительно отличаться от типичного представления об амбиполярной диффузии. Обнаружен отдельный режим разряда от амбиполярной диффузионной системы. Поскольку условие амбиполярности для немагниченной плазмы Г; = Ге было нарушено из-за двумерного моделирования, которое представляет случай VTe xVn^ 0, что приводит к появлению вихревой плотности полного тока. Изменение температуры и электронной плотности, вызванное этими вихрями, может повлиять на разность потенциалов между двумя камерами. Показана зависимость текущих вихрей и, соответственно, генерируемой ЭДС от давления буферного газа.

9. В отличие от предыдущих исследований фотоплазмы, основанных на изучении временного и пространственного распределения параметров плазмы, в этом исследовании процессы переноса также исследовались явно. Различные компоненты потока по всей ячейке и соответствующие изменения градиента температуры электронов влияют на величину потоков и, следовательно, на электродвижущую силу (ЭДС). Вообще говоря, результаты этой модели способствуют тому, что для оптимизации фотоплазменных клеток необходимо сфокусировать изучение транспортных процессов.

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1. Mandour M.M., Astashkevich S.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. 2-D Simulation of Two-Chamber Photoplasma for Conversion of Light Radiation to Electrical Energy // IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2020. Vol. 48, № 2. P. 394-401. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2019.2955067

2. Mandour M.M., Astashkevich S.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. Optimization of Photoelectric Converter Based on a Two-Chamber Na-Ar Gas Photoplasma // IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2020. Vol. 48, № 2. P. 402-409. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2019.2951997

3. Mandour M.M., Astashkevich S.A., Kudryavtsev A.A. 2D simulation of solar/lamp two-chamber photoelectric converter with different sodium-noble gas mixtures // Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 2020. Vol. 29, № 11. P. 115005. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/abbae6

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