Basic priorities of foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1976-2020) / Основные приоритеты внешней политики Федеративной Республики Нигерия (1976-2020 гг.) тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 07.00.15, кандидат наук Афолаби Гбадебо

• Афолаби Гбадебо
• кандидат наук
• 2021

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Афолаби Гбадебо

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I: FEATURES OF THE FOREIGN POLICY PROCESS OF MODERN NIGERIA

1.1. Basic principles, priorities and stages of the formation of the foreign policy of independent Nigeria (1960-1976)

1.2. Western factor in the foreign policy of independent Nigeria

1.3. Key decision-making centers in Nigeria's foreign policy and their priorities

CHAPTER II: AFROCENTRIC POLICY OF NIGERIA (1976 - 2020): FEATURES, TRENDS

2.1. The role and place of the African Union in Nigeria's foreign policy

2.2. Nigeria's Relations with Neighboring States under the Niger Basin Authority and Lake Chad Basin Commission

2.3. ECOWAS engagement with West African countries

2.4. Peculiarities of Nigeria's Relations with Members of the Gulf of Guinea Commission

CHAPTER III: COOPERATION OF NIGERIA WITH THE LEADING COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD (1976-2020)

3.1. Bilateral cooperation between Nigeria and the United Kingdom

3.2. Nigeria-America Cooperation

3.3. Bilateral relations between Nigeria and the Russian Federation

3.4. The Chinese Foreign Policy Track in Nigeria

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES

List of Abbreviation

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Basic priorities of foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1976-2020) / Основные приоритеты внешней политики Федеративной Республики Нигерия (1976-2020 гг.)»

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the study is the increasing role of Africa in modern system of international relations. Since the end of the 20th century, armed and political conflicts have reduced and foreign economic assistance has become more effective which served the basis for the economic recovery of African countries. The east, west and south of the continent have intensified efforts on integration process. Africa's resources - natural, human, investment and other resources are becoming the object of attention of developed countries such as the USA, France, China, United Kingdom and Russia.

The relevance of the study gave impetus to the nature of foreign policy of Nigeria which is one of the leading countries on the continent and a leader in the West African region. It has positioned itself as a "regional power" and advocate of interest of Tropical Africa and the "black diaspora" on a global scale. Since the late 1990s, Nigeria has successfully overcome the difficulties associated with the prolonged military rule. It has played a key role in regional and sub-regional multilateral institutions such as the African Union, ECOWAS, the Gulf of Guinea Commission, etc. Nigeria has made a significant progress in addressing a number of regional challenges. Nigeria's foreign policy, which promotes regional and interregional integration among African countries meets the needs of the present and is of scientific interest to researchers. It analyzed the subject and dealt with the lack of comprehensive research on the issues raised. By addressing the Nigeria's foreign policy problems and challenges that it faced, the use of tools and mechanisms in the implementation of foreign policy will reveal patterns that can be used by the democratic governments in Nigeria's modern foreign policy initiative.

The object of research is Nigeria's foreign policy.

The subject of research is Nigeria's foreign policy priorities, tools, mechanisms, developments and features from 1976 to 2020.

The purpose of the thesis is to identify the priorities and features of Nigeria's foreign policy from 1976 to 2020.

Achieving this goal requires solving the following research tasks:

• highlight the basic principles and milestones in the development of the foreign policy of independent Nigeria;

• consider the contributions of western countries in the Nigeria's foreign policy process;

• examine the role of key decision-making centers in the implementation of Nigeria's foreign policy as well as the impact of its priorities in the development of the country's foreign policy;

• explore the features of the interaction of Nigeria with regional and subregional organizations such as the AU, the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS), the Gulf of Guinea Commission (GGC), the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC), the Niger Basin Authority (NBA) and others;

• assess the role of the African Union in Nigeria's foreign policy;

• examine the characteristics and development of Nigeria's relations with neighboring countries under the framework of multilateral sub-regional organizations such as ECOWAS, the Niger Basin Authority, the Lake Chad Basin Commission and the Gulf of Guinea Commission;

• analyze the basic priorities of Nigeria's relations with the leading countries such as the UK, USA, Russia and China.

The chronological scope covers the period from 1976 to 2020. The lower line of the study was determined in 1976 when Nigeria initiated the Lagos Declaration and Programme of Action which was to put economic, political and other pressure on racist regimes which positioned Nigeria as an African power while the upper line of the study is based on the need to examine the current status of Nigeria's foreign policy implementation from a global, regional and sub-regional perspective.

Main Sources of Data. In order to achieve the author's goal and solve the research task, a group of sources were involved, analyzed and systematized and this can be divided into several groups.

The first group is made up of regulatory sources, among which the most important are: the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1960)1, (1963)2, (1979)3, (1999)4, international multilateral treaties5 and official documents of the Government of Nigeria6 as well as U.S. doctrinal instruments relating to African issues, most especially the George W. Bush 2006 National Security Strategy (NSS)7and the Strategy adopted during the Presidency of Barack Obama in 20108as well as the "New African Strategy" adopted by the administration of President Donald Trump in 20189.The foreign policy concept of the Russian Federation10 and

1 Nigeria Independence Bill, 15 July 1960.URL:https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jul/15/nigeria-independence-bill (date of access: 25.09.20).

2 The 1963 Constitution of Nigeria. URL: https://martinslibrary.blogspot.com/2014/11/the-1963-republic-constitution-of.html (date of access: 25.09.20).

3 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1979. URL: https://nigerian-constitution.com/ (date of access: 25.09.20).

4 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ng/ng014en.pdf (date of access: 25.09.20).

5 Document on the Abuja Treaty establishing African Economic Community and its purpose in Article 17 of the AU Constitutive Act, Africa Union (AU) Secretariat: the official text. - Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1991.; Document on the Treaty of Lagos; establishing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Ratification reference.Vol. 1010, № 14843, Lagos, Nigeria, 1975.

6 The Nigeria Handbook: 25 years of progress. Lagos, 1985; Annual Conferences of NSIA.Papers and Documents. Lagos, 1990-1999.

7 National Security Strategy of the USA 2006. / The White House URL: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/ (date of access: 27.07.19).

8 National Security Strategy of the USA 2006. / The White House URL: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/ (date of access: 27.07.19).

9 A New Africa Strategy // US Department of State. December 13, 2018 URL: https://www.state. gov/a-new-africa-strategy/ (date of access: 27.09.2020).

10 Концепция внешней политики Российской Федерации. 28 июня 2000 г. // Внешняя политика и безопасность современной России в четырех томах. 1991-2002. Т. 4 / Сост. Т.А. Шаклеина. М.: РОСПЭН, 2002. С. 109-121; Концепция внешней политики Российской Федерации. 15 июля 2008. URL: http://kremlin.ru/acts/785 (дата обращения: 02.06.2019); Концепция внешней политики Российской Федерации. 12 февраля 2013 г. URL http://static.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/41d447a0ce9f5a96bdc3.pdf (дата обращения 02.06.2019); Концепция внешней политики Российской Федерации. 30.11.2016 URL http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/41451 (дата обращения: 02.06.2019).

China's document relating to Africa, namely the White Papers11, the African Union documents12 and ECOWAS documents13 are useful for this study.

The second group includes administrative sources which are primarily documents from the relevant departments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nigeria. Of particular importance for the study are reports, circulars and directives emanate from a number of departments within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nigeria such as on African Union14, Nigeria-China Bilateral Relations15, Nigeria's Bilateral and Multilateral Relations16, Nigeria-Russia Bilateral Relations17, Nigeria-US Bilateral Relations18, Nigeria-UK Bilateral Relations19, the Gulf of Guinea

11 China's Foreign Aid (2014) //Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. URL: http://www.china.org.cn/government/ whitepaper/node_7209074.htm (date of access: 10.06.2015); China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (2013) //Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. URL: http://www.china.org.cn/government/ whitepaper/node_7189938.htm (date of access: 29.08.2017).

12 African Union Handbook 2020.URL: https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Africa/African-Union-Handbook-2020-ENGLISH-web.pdf (date of access: 03.08.2020); Decisions of the 12th Extraordinary Session of the Assembly / African Union. July 07, 2019. URL:https://au.int/en/decisions/decisions-12th-extraordin (date of access: 28.09.2020).

13 Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Documentation. URL:https://www.ecowas.int/documentation/ (date of access: 03.08.2020); The Integrated Maritime Strategy of ECOWAS / Regional Security Division (RSD). 28.10.2019. URL: https://edup.ecowas.int/allevents/categories/key-resources/eims/ (date of access: 19.07.2020).

14 Official document of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Union Division, 13 November 2016. URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.gov.ng/ (дата обращения: 23.07.2020).

15 Official document of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Abuja on Nigeria's Bilateral and Multilateral Relations with the world, 5th March, 2019.URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.gov.ng/ (date of access: 23.07.2020).

16 Official document of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Abuja on Nigeria-China Bilateral Relations, Asia and Pacific Division, 5 January 2019.URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.gov.ng/ (date of access: 23.07.2020)

17 Official document of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Abuja on the Nigeria-Russia Bilateral Relations, European Affairs Division, 20 February 2015. URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.gov.ng/ (date of access: 23.07.2020).

18 Official document of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Abuja on Nigeria-U.S Relations, American and Caribbean Affairs Division, 9th January 2019. URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.gov.ng/ (date of access: 23.07.2020).

19 The Policy Paper of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Abuja, Nigeria prepared by the European Affairs Division, 7 March 2019. URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.gov.ng/ (date of access: 23.07.2020).

Commission20 and those from the Embassy of Nigeria in Equatorial Guinea21 and the High Commission of Nigeria in the United Kingdom22.

Also, documents from inter-governmental organizations are useful. These include the ACP/EEC23, UNGA24, OAU/AU25and OAU Charter26. These documents provide an objective idea of the mechanisms of multilateral diplomacy that have developed in the region, as well as the institutional and legal framework in which independent Nigeria implemented its foreign policy objectives. The ECOWAS documents27, GGC28, NBA29 and LCBC30 documents provide a more comprehensive overview of Nigeria's "Afrocentric" policy at the sub-regional level. The EU

20 Document of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Gulf of Guinea Commission, African SubRegional Organization (ASROD) Division, 14th September 2018. URL: https://www.foreign.govmu.org (date of access: 23.07.2020).

21 Official document of the Embassy of Nigeria, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea on the official visit of the Nigerian delegation to Bata, Equatorial Guinea from 20th -22nd of July, 1989 on account of the proposed Federal Government of Nigeria agricultural and polyclinic projects at Anisoc and Senye (Rio Benito) respectively, 17th July 1989. URL: https://www.nigerian-embassy.com/ng/Nigeria-in-Malabo (date of access: 23.07.2020).

22 Document of the Nigeria High Commission, London, United Kingdom on Nigeria-United Kingdom Bilateral Relations, 16th October 2018. URL: https://www.nigeriahc.org.uk/ (date of access: 23.07.2020).

23 The Lomé Convention. 1975. / The African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States. URL: http://www.acp.int/content/lome-convention (date of access: 23.07.2020).

24 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 1982. URL: https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf (date of access: 23.07.2020).

25 The OAU Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa 1980, Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.

26 Charter of Organization of African Unity.1963. URL: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20479/volume-479-I-6947-English.pdf (date of access: 23.07.2020).

27 An ECOWAS Compendium on Free Movement, Right of Residence and Establishment, Abuja: ECOWAS Executive Secretariat 1999.

28 Document of the Executive Secretariat of the Gulf of Guinea Commission, Luanda, August 2016.URL: https://africacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ASB30EN-Combating-Piracy-in-the-Gulf-of-Guinea.pdf (date of access: 23.07.2020).

29 Convention Creating the Niger Basin Authority.No. 22675.Registered by the Niger on 13 January 1984. URL: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201346/volume-1346-A-22675-English.pdf (date of access: 23.07.2020).

30 Lake Chad Basin Commission, Basic Documents (Revised) Convention and Statute and Rules of Procedures, N'Djamena, December 1990.

documents31and USAID documents32 are essential for a comprehensive analysis of the Nigeria's bilateral relations with the leading countries of the world.

The third group includes journalistic sources, which are represented by official statements and speeches of heads of state and government, Nigerian politicians and diplomats and their works include analyses on Nigeria's foreign policy. It includes the speeches and directives of former Presidents I. Babangida and O. Obasanjo, Ministers of Foreign Affairs and former Representative of Nigeria to the UN O.O. Fafowora33. The great value on the analysis of bilateral relations is in the speech of the Premier of the State Council of China Li Keqiang (2013 - present) at the conference of the African Union34 and the speech of President of Nigeria Mohammadu Buhari on the cooperation between Nigeria and China35.

The fourth group of sources includes statistical materials, including those prepared by the various international institutions. These include FAO36, International Peace Institute37, Nigeria's National Population Commission38, World Bank (WB)39 and the World Economic Forum (WEF)40.

31 Text of the Special Meeting of the European Council Article 50 (3) TEU Agreeing to 31 October 2019 to allow the United Kingdom to ratify the Withdrawal Agreement EUCO XT 20015/19 1 EN.

32 Nigeria. Education Fact Sheet./USAID URL: https://www.usaid.gov/nigeria/education (date of access: 23.07.2020).

33 Obasanjo, O. My Command: An Account of the Nigerian Civil War. 1967-1970, Ibadan. 1980; Hope for Africa. Selected speeches of Olusegun Obasanjo. A.L.F. Publications; Babangida, J.B. Imperatives of Nigeria: National Interest in Liberia. Lagos. 1995; Nwachufovu., Ike. The Dynamics of Nigeria's Foreign Policy. Address delivered at the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs. Lagos. June 30, 1988. Akinyemi, Bolaji. Foreign Policy and Federalism.The Nigerian Experience. Ibadan. 1974. Adebisi, E. Nigeria, National Questions and Challenges for the Next Millenium. Lagos. 1999. Fafowora, Oladapo. Selected Essays and Speeches on Nigerian Diplomacy, Politics and Economics. Ibadan. 2001.

34 Китайско-африканские отношения ждет прекрасное будущее / Официальный сайт Центрального правительства КНР. URL: http:// www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2014-05/05/content_2671998.htm (дата обращения: 05.05.2018).

35Buhari to Xi Jinping: I am happy with Nigeria/China cooperation //The Guardian. URL: https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-to-xi-jinping-i-am-happy-with-nigeriachina-cooperation/ (date of access: 09.08.2018).

36The Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. URL: http://www.fao.org/about/en/ (date of access: 23.07.2020).

37 The International Peace Institute.URL: https://www.ipinst.org/category/publications (date of access: 23.07.2020).

In the study, the author used materials published by international news agencies such as the Al Jazeera (Qatar), BBC (UK), CNN (USA), Times of India (India), Xinhua (China), NTA (Nigeria), as well as materials from the Nigerian media: Daily Champion (Lagos), Daily Times (Lagos), Daily Trust (Abuja) and New Nigerian (Ilorin). Thus, the source base is representative and enables the selected topic to be explored in a substantive and comprehensive manner.

The degree of scientific novelty of the work: There is a need to divide the existing historiography of the study into two groups: Russian language and English language.

Historiography in Russian can be grouped into the following:

The first group includes studies that examine the basic principles and mechanisms of Nigeria's foreign policy as well as analyzing the dynamics of its development taking into account the role of key decision-making centers, the role of Western countries in shaping foreign policy initiative, etc. The historiographic group primarily includes the works of Soviet and Russian scholars who study it both from a theoretical, methodological and empirical perspective. And this has been thoroughly covered in the scientific works of a number of Russian scholars: A. L. Emelianova, E. E. Lebedeva, V. A. Meliantsev, I. P. Konovalov, E. N. Korendyasov, L. L. Fituni, A. A. Shvedov , G. V. Shubin, J. Ya. Etinger, etc41.

38 The National Population Commission (NPC) of Nigeria.URL: http://www.commonwealthgovernance.org/partners/national-population-commission-of-nigeria/ (date of access: 23.07.2020).

39 The World Bank in Nigeria. URL: https://www.worldbank.org/en /country/nigeria/overview (date of access: 23.07.2020).

40 TheWorldEconomicForum.URL: https://www.weforum.org/ (date of access: 23.07.2020).

41 Емельянов А. Л. Имитационная демократия: африканский вариант // Новая и новейшая история. № 5. 2015. С.35-41; Лебедева Э.Е. Африка южнее Сахары в перипетиях мировой политики / Э.Е. Лебедева // Азия и Африка в современной мировой политике. Сборник статей / Отв. ред. д.п.н. Д.Б. Малышева, к.э.н. А.А. Рогожин. М.: ИМЭМО РАН. 2012. С. 96101; Мельянцев В. А. Развивающиеся страны: рост, эффективность, противоречия и перспективы // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2014. № 6. С. 130-146; Коновалов И.П., Шубин Г.В. Современная Африка: войны и оружие / И.П. Коновалов, Г.В. Шубин. М.: Издательство «Социально-политическая мысль». 2012. 476 с.; Korendyasov, E. "African States' Foreign Policies in the 21st Century: New Opportunities and Challenges" Africa's Growing Role in World

In particular, the monograph by A. A. Shvedov42 provides an in-depth analysis of the formation of the foreign policy and the development of bilateral cooperation between the independent Nigeria with Western countries and member states of the OAU. In addition, the author pays attention to the specific of Nigeria's foreign policy in the context of the establishment of multilateral institutions on the African continent.

The analysis of the foreign policy in the context of internal wars in Nigeria are presented in the collective monographs of I.P. Konovalov and G.V. Shubin which highlight the role not only played by Western countries in the internal conflicts but also the valuable interest of Western powers43.

The second group includes works on Nigeria's bilateral relations with the leading countries of the world such as the US, UK, EU, China and Russia. Undoubted interest are the scientific works of scholars such as A. Alimov, AJ Borzova, Y. Vinokurov, LV Geveling, Gromyko, A. S. Kulkova, I. L. Lileev , E. S. Lvova, I. E. Nesterova, Nigusie Kassae V. Mikael , A. Yu. Urnov et al.44 whose works deal with

Politics. Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2014; Фитуни Л.Л. Африка: Ресурсные войны XXI века. M. 2012. 243 c.; Она же. Место Африки в посткризисной мировой экономике. Статья 3 // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2011. № 2. 243 с.; Шведов А. А. Независимая Африка: внешнеполитические проблемы, дипломатическая борьба. / Под общ. ред. и с предисл. Ан. А. Громыко. М., 1983; Этингер Я.Я. Межгосударственные отношения в Африке (Политические проблемы, эволюция, организационные формы). М. 1972.

42 Шведов А.А. Независимая Африка: внешнеполитические проблемы, дипломатическая борьба. / Под общ. ред. и с предисл. Ан. А. Громыко. М. 1983.

43 Коновалов И.П., Шубин Г.В. Современная Африка: войны и оружие / И.П. Коновалов, Г.В. Шубин. М.: Издательство «Социально-политическая мысль». 2012. 476 с.

44 Алимов А.А., Нестерова И.Е. Интересы США в современных африканских государствах // Общество. Среда. Развитие. 2017. № 2. С. 29-33.; Борзова А.Ю. "Brazil's Cooperation with Africa (Agricultural Aspect)". Africa's Growing Role in World Politics. In Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2014; Винокуров Ю.Н. Африка на пути к независимости (1930-1960) // Восток. Афро-Азиатские общества: история и современность. 2009. № 3; Гевелинг Л.В. Независимая Нигерия // Нигерия: справочно-монографическое издание. М.: Институт Африки РАН, 2013. 213 с.; Громыко А. А. Метаморфозы XXI века. Избранное. М., 2012; Мировые державы в Африке и интересы России / Отв. ред. А. А. Громыко. М., 2010.; Кулькова О.С. Африка и ЕС: в преддверии четвертого совместного саммита. М.: Российский совет по международным делам. 2014.; Она же. Африканская политика Великобритании (1997-2012 гг.). М.: Российский совет по международным делам, 2012.; Лилеев И.Л. Германия и Африка: до и после падения стены. М. 2011. 104 с.; Ныгусие Кассае В. Микаэль.

the mechanisms, characteristics and development of bilateral diplomacy with the Tropical Africa.

The works of E.S. Lvova45 played an important role in the study of Western interest in Africa. Her research was characterized by an overwhelming attention to the strategies of Western countries and changes in their policies during the colonial period in African countries. This allows the author to assess the extent to which Western countries changed their foreign policies during the anti-colonial campaign on the continent.

Of particular scientific interest are works of O.S. Kulkova46 on the EU and UK foreign policy towards African countries. The author pays special attention to the process of forming the conceptual foundations of British relations with African countries, analyses British participation in the settlement of conflicts directly affecting the interest of Nigeria and also examines in detail the economic component of London's policy in relations with Abuja.

The relationship between Nigeria and the United States during the presidency of D. Trump (2017-2019) was covered in the monograph of A. Yu. Urnov, published in 2020 by the Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences "USA - Africa: Policy of the Administration of President D. Trump (2017-2019)"47. In the monograph under consideration, the author notes that under D. Trump, the USA interest in Africa has increased and Washington acted more and more vigorously. At the same time, many of the institutions, programmes and mechanisms

Хайле Селассие I император Эфиопии. М.: РУДН, 2016. - 424 с.; Урнов А.Ю. США -Африка: политика администрации президента Д. Трампа. 2017-2019 годы. М.: ИАфр РАН. 2020. 294 с.

45 Львова Э.С. К истории колониального раздела Африки // Под небом Африки моей. История, языки, культура народов Африки. Том 7. М. 2015. С. 18-24.

46 Кулькова О.С. Африка и ЕС: в преддверии четвертого совместного саммита. М.: Российский совет по международным делам. 2014. 12 с.; Кулькова О.С. Африканская политика Великобритании (1997— 2012 гг.). М.: Российский совет по международным делам. 2012.

47 Урнов А.Ю. США - Африка: политика администрации президента Д. Трампа. 2017-2019 годы. М.: ИАфр РАН, 2020. 294 с.

used by the Trump administration to implement African policy were borrowed from his predecessors. The author pays special attention to the bilateral relations between the USA and Nigeria, demonstrating a wide variety of models of bilateral relations built by Washington on the continent.

The problem of increasing China's economic and political influence in Africa has received a lot of coverage in Russian historiography. Various aspects of Sino-Nigerian bilateral relations have been studied by authors such as D.A. Degterev, T. L. Deich, T.S Denisova, A.A Zabella, L. Ponomarenko, T.M Solovyova, V.P. Titov and others.48

In 2008, T. L. Deich published a comprehensive monograph on Chinese policy on the African continent, "Africa in China's Strategy"49 in which the author gives an overview of Sino-Nigerian relations. Special attention is given to the process of changing the Chinese foreign policy strategy towards major regional players such as

48 Дегтерев Д.А. Китай-Африка: важные аспекты отношений // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2005. № 6.С. 84-91.; Дегтерев Д.А. Китайская экспансия в Африку: «свято место пусто не бывает»? // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2005. № 2. С. 35-41; Дейч Т.Л. Китай как лидер БРИКС в Африке // Восходящие государства-гиганты БРИКС: роль в мировой политике стратегии модернизации. М., 2012. 392 с.; Она же. Экономическая активность Китая на Африканском континенте // Страны Востока: социально -экономические, этно-конфессиональные и социокультурные проблемы в контексте глобализации. Памяти А. И. Петрова. М., 2012. 282 с.; Она же. Китай «завоевывает» Африку. М.: РСМД, 2014.; Она же. «Китайский век» для Африки // Международная жизнь. 2013. № 10. С.89-102.; Она же. Китай и Индия в Африке: азиатская альтернатива западному влиянию? // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2007. № 9. С.20-27.; Она же. Китай торгует с Африкой. Плюсы и минусы для стран континента // Африка и Азия сегодня. 2014. № 8. С. 42-47.; Денисова Т.С. Нигерия и Китай: проблемы экономического и политического сотрудничества // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2018. Т. 18. № 3. С. 673685.; Она же. Нигерия: от Майтацине до Боко харам. // Восток. Афро-Азиатские общества: история и современность. 2014. №4. С. 70-82., Забелла А.А. Африка во внешнеполитическом курсе КНР. // Вестник РУДН Серия: Всеобщая история. 2017. Т. 9. № 4. С. 341-352, Львова Э.С. К истории колониального раздела Африки // Под небом Африки моей. История, языки, культура народов Африки. Том 7. М. 2015. С. 18-24; Пономаренко Л. В., Титов В. П. Китай - Африка-Россия: феномен мировой политики XXI века. М. 2008. 151 с.; Пономаренко Л.В., Соловьева Т.М. КНР-Африка: новые ориентиры взаимоотношений. // Вестник РУДН, Серия: Международные отношения. 2015. № 1. С. 32-42.

49 Дейч Т.Л. Африка в стратегии Китая. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://inafran.ru/sites/default/files/page_file/afrika_v_strategii_kitaya.pdf (дата обращения: 22.09.2020).

Nigeria. China has previously played a pragmatic role in its continuous importation of natural resources from the continent, but now Africa is becoming an important part of creating the multipolar world for which China is showing interest and also sees itself as the informal leader of developing countries.

The Degterev's article "China-Africa: important aspects of relations"50 is useful for this thesis as China, in implementing its foreign policy in Nigeria uses the same methods that were used by the Soviet leadership at the time namely: building infrastructure, humanitarian aid, increasing contacts at the highest level, frequent exchange of delegations and full cooperation.

The scientific work of T.S. Denisova, a reputable Russian researcher on Nigeria is of great importance. In the work "Nigeria and China: problems of economic and political cooperation" 51, the author while noting the importance of China's politics on the world stage, stresses stable Sino-Nigerian relations contribution to strengthening South-South contacts which in turn allows them not only to receive higher benefits but also to move away from the Western influence. In addition, the author emphasizes that Nigeria sees the Chinese economic development as a role model that can be replicated in the African context. The author concludes that to understand the reasons for China's growing presence in Nigeria, it is necessary to recognize the range of economic, diplomatic and security interests that underlying Beijing's policy on the continent.

The Russian-Nigerian bilateral relations have become the subject of research by a number of Soviet and Russian scientists. Of particular importance to this study

50 Дегтерев Д.А. Китай-Африка: важные аспекты отношений // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2005. № 6.С. 84-91.

51 Денисова Т.С. Нигерия и Китай: проблемы экономического и политического сотрудничества // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Международные отношения. 2018. Т. 18. № 3. С. 673-685.

are the works of V.L. Vishnevsky, A. L. Emelianov, N. D. Kosukhin, E. N. Korendyasov, V. V. Lopatov, S. V. Mazov, G. M. Sidorova and others52.

The significant interest in the light of the study of Nigeria's relations with Russia is the work of S.V. Mazov which provides a comprehensive analysis of the relations between Nigeria and the Soviet Union, the inertia of which is to some extent traced to the interaction of Nigeria with the legal successor of the Soviet Union53. The significance of this work is in-depth analysis of the study of Moscow's foreign policy as it relates to Nigeria which remains at the present stage of development of its bilateral relations.

The third group is represented by literature which highlights the peculiarities and development of Nigeria's Afrocentric policy which has found its way in the practical embodiment and involvement in the activities of interstate institutions of regional and sub-regional nature. Studies are devoted to the activities of the regional and sub-regional organizations with the participation of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in addressing security issues and its role in the integration processes in West Africa as well as the settlement of conflicts in the region. Of importance are the

52 Вишневский М.Л. Нигерия - Россия: диалог по проблемам глобализации// Азия и Африка сегодня. 2006. № 6 (587). С. 57-61; Емельянов А.Л. Российско-африканские отношения. М., 1999; Косухин Н.Д. Политология развития африканских стран. М., 2009. 393 с.; Он же. Политическое лидерство в Африке: прошлое и настоящее. М.: Институт Африки РАН. 2015. 178 с.; Российско-африканские отношения в условиях глобализации / Отв. ред. Т. Л. Дейч, Е. Н. Корендясов. М., 2009; Россия в конкурентной борьбе за африканские минерально -сырьевые ресурсы / Отв. ред. Т. Л. Дейч, Е. Н. Корендясов. М., 2011; Korendyasov E.N., "Russia Returns to Africa". Africa's Growing Role in World Politics. Institutefor African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014. Корендясов Е.Н. Российско-африканские отношения на новом старте // Вестник РУДН. Серия: Международные отношения. 2016. Т. 16, № 2. С. 203214. Лопатов В.В. Торгово-экономические отношения России с Африкой в конце XX начале XXI века. М., 2007. 324 с.; Мазов С.В. Политика СССР в Западной Африке, 1956-1964: неизвестные страницы истории холодной войны. М. 2008. 335 с.; Mazov, S. Soviet-Nigerian Relations on the Eve of and at the Beginning of the Civil War in Nigeria, 1966—1967 (Based on Russian Archival Sources) // ISTORIYA 2020. Vol. 11. Iss. 8. No 94. URL: https://history.jes.su/s207987840011017-7-1/ (date of access: 10.11.2021). Сидорова Г.М. Россия и международные инициативы в Африке // Дипломатическая служба. 2011. № 3; Она же. Россия и безопасность на Африканском континенте // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2011. № 11.

53 Мазов С. В. Политика СССР в Западной Африке, 1956-1964: неизвестные страницы истории холодной войны. М., 2008. 335 с.

works of N.G. Gavrilova, G.M. Kostyunina, I.B Matsenko, K. A. Pantsereva, L.Y Prokopenko , V.A Usova, among others54.

Of particular interest is the work of G. M. Kostyunina which addresses a number of issues of fundamental importance to modern Nigeria. One of the issues of Nigerian Afrocentric policy is the inclusion of the economic integration process, the activation of which is seen particularly from the date of signing of the Tripartite Agreement of the Continental Free Trade Area by 26 countries in 2015. According to G.M Kostunina, the completion of the formation of the Continental Free Trade Area will be an important step towards deepening integration process in Africa and moving closer to the goal set by the African Union. However, the author emphasizes the strong disintegration factors still persist on the continent which includes a low level of economic development, a low degree of economic interdependence and complementarity, differentiation between the level of economic development and average per capital GDP, political differences and armed conflicts.

It should be noted that under the leadership of V.I. Yurtaev, Professor of the Department of Theory and History of the RUDN University, the Yearbook of African

54 Денисова Т.С., Гаврилова Н.Г. Nigeria's Food Security Challenge and the Response of International Organizations // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2019. Выпуск 7. С. 54-58; Костюнина Г.М. Интеграционные процессы в Африке: история и современный этап // Российский внешнеэкономический вестник. 2016. № 4. С. 34-50; Маценко И.Б. Африка: реализация «Целей развития тысячелетия» // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2012. № 8-9; Панцерев К.А. Страны Африки в современном взаимозависимом мире: диалог культур или столкновение цивилизаций? / К.А. Панцерев // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Политология. Международные отношения. 2015. No 4. С. 95-105; Он же. Страны Тропической Африки в условиях глобализации мирового порядка// Известия Российского государственного педагогического университета им. А. И. Герцена. Серия Общественные и гуманитарные науки. 2011. No 130. С. 251-259; Прокопенко Л.Я., Шубин В.Г. Африканский ренессанс // Ученые записки Института Африки РАН. М. 2001. № 24. С. 70—123; Усов В.А. Африканский союз: цели и реальность // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2010. № 12. С. 56-62; Африка: от Лагосского плана действий до НЕПАД. Эволюция концепций экономического развития. М. 2005. Африканская интеграция: социально-политическое измерение: [Монография] / [Подгот.: Ю.В. Потёмкин, И.Г. Рыбалкина, О.Б. Громова и др.; Отв ред. Ю.В. Потёмкин ]; Рос. акад. наук. Ин-т Африки. М.: Ин-т Африки РАН. 2003. 568 с.

Studies55, which also discusses the problems of integration of African states is published.

Russian scholars such as A.S. Balezin, A.M. Vasiliev, L.V. Geveling, M. A. Osmina, V.V. Pavlov, I.V. Sledzevsky, O.A. Smirnova and others have studied various issues of regional security, geopolitical and economic development in Tropical Africa and West Africa56.

The main directions of technological modernization of socio-economic systems in Africa are considered by a team of authors in the IARAN's 2019 collection "The African Economy in the Era of the Global Technological Revolution"57. Of particular relevance to this study is the development of Nigeria's scientific, technological development and the digital economy.

55 Африка: вызов постколониального будущего // Ежегодник-2016. Серия: Африканские исследования / под ред. Н.С. Кирабаева, Л.В. Пономаренко, В.И. Юртаева, Е.А. Долгинова. М.: РУДН. 2016. 319 е.; Африка: устойчивое развитие и дипломатия диалога. Ежегодник-2017. / гл. ред. Н.С. Кирабаев. М.: РУДН, 2017. 337 с.; Африка: поиск индентичности и диалог с миром. // Ежегодник-2018. Серия: Африканские исследования / под ред. Н.С. Кирабаева [и др.]. М.: РУДН, 2018. 256 с.; Африка: интеграция и социальное развитие. // Ежегодник-2019. Серия: Африканские исследования / гл. ред. Н. С. Кирабаев и др. М.: РУДН. 2019. 366 с.; Африка: новая стратегическая реальность. // Ежегодник-2020. Серия: Африканские исследования / под ред. Н. С. Кирабаева и др. М.: РУДН. 2020. 254 с.

56 Балезин А.С. Черная Африка: прошлое и настоящее / [А.С. Балезин и др.]; под ред. А.С. Балезина, С. В. Мазова, И. И. Филатовой. М.: Университет Дмитрия Пожарского, 2016; Васильев А.М. Африка и вызовы XXI в. М.: «Восточная литература» РАН. 2012. 374 с.; Гевелинг Л.В. Четвертая республика в Нигерии: хроника политического насилия // Конфликты в Африке: причины, генезис и проблемы урегулирования (этнополитические и социальные аспекты). М.: Институт Африки РАН. 2013. С. 147—173. Африка: региональные аспекты глобальных проблем / Н. И. Аникина, И. В. Дмитриева, М. М. Голанский и др. / Отв. ред. С. А. Бессонов; Институт Африки (Москва). М. 1994; Осминина М.А., Смирнова О.А. Анализ нестабильной ситуации на Африканском континенте: сравнительный анализ, характеристики // Система ценностей современного общества. 2010. N0 14. С. 142-147. Павлов В.В. Политика транснациональных банков в Африке (Проблемы и тенденции 80-90-х годов). Ученые записки Института Африки РАН Выпуск 19. М. 2000; Следзевский И.В. Самоорганизация кризисного социума: религиозная мобилизация масс в постколониальной Африке (Кризис африканского развития и его последствия) / И.В. Следзевский // Африка: поиск идентичности и диалог с миром: Ежегодник - 2018 / [Л. В. Пономаренко и др.] под ред. Н. С. Кирабаева. М.: РУДН. 2018. С. 8 - 34.

57 Экономика Африки в эпоху глобальной технологической революции. Сборник статей. М.: Институт Африки РАН. 2019. 206 с.

The C.G. Azerbaev's work "Africa and Space" published in 2020 is of utmost importance in studying the socio-economic and scientific-technical potential of modern Nigeria and its impact on the rest of Africa58. This article concludes that space research in Nigeria is becoming increasingly popular but the space navigation and telecommunication project are not well funded by Nigeria because of its commitments to other activities in Africa.

A detailed analysis of intra-regional situation in the context of globalization, the increasing influence of extra-regional actors and the capital of transnational actors while taking into account the logic of civilizational development is devoted to the monograph of the reputable Russian academician A.M. Vasilev. The work - Africa and the Challenges of the 21st Century59 notes that Africa's future in the world civilization, socio-economic and political development depends on certain circumstances. First and foremost, it depends on how quickly and effectively the governments and peoples of this continent will be able to overcome the trends of countries' disintegration and social chaos and for countries with extreme conditions to emerge from the economic crisis and turn the ''trophy economy'' into a normal functioning one with sustainable development.

The civilization component was studied separately in 2020 by J.S. Downde and N.V. Shulenina, "West Africa: Ethnicity as a Critical Factor in Determining SocioEconomic Development"60. The main part of their article is the assertion that ethno-political instability affects the political system and increases the level of conflict which ultimately generates socio-economic instability. The article is of a practical value as the authors propose the option of building an effective system in which ethnic diversity should not serve as a pretext for conflicts but as an advantage for the socio-economic development of the countries in the region.

58 Азербаев С. Г. Африка и космос // Азия и Африка Сегодня. 2020. № 2. С. 50-56.

59 Васильев А.М. Африка и вызовы XXI в. М.: «Восточная литература» РАН. 2012. 374 с.

60 Адоунде Я.С., Шуленина Н.В. Западная Африка: этнос как важнейший фактор, определяющий социально-экономическое развитие // Вопросы политологии. 2020. Т. 10. № 1. С. 218-225.

The Collective research by scholars from the Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences is of great importance for understanding multilateral and bilateral cooperation in Africa, disclosing the international context and the development of relations between regional players on the African continent, as well as leading powers with African countries and the Federal Republic of Nigeria61.

The PFUR has a niche on Nigeria's foreign policy research in its Department of Theory and History of International Relations. The distinctive feature of this research emphasizes in identifying changes in foreign policy determinants in the context of globalization and regionalization. In this study, the author has resorted to the results of scientific research taken from a number of dissertations defended at the Department of Theory and History of International Relations of PFUR62.

The author concludes that in the presence of comprehensive works on Nigeria's foreign policy in the post-colonial period through the prism of the implementation of its multilateral and bilateral diplomacy, there were no publications by Russian authors analyzing the comprehensive aspect of the Nigerian foreign policy as dealt with by the thesis, namely: developments, tools, mechanisms and features of the country's foreign policy from 1976-2020.

In English historiography, issues relating to various aspects of Nigeria's foreign policy have been widely covered. A special place is occupied by the works of some American scholars who have studied the post-independence Nigeria's foreign

61 ЭКОВАС. Проблемы региональной интеграции. Сборник статей. М.: Институт Африки РАН. 2016. 282 с.; Африка: региональные аспекты глобальных проблем / Н. И. Аникина, И. В. Дмитриева, М. М. Голанский и др. / Отв. ред. С. А. Бессонов; Институт Африки (Москва). М. 1994; Мировые державы в Африке и интересы России / Отв. ред. Ан. А. Громыко. М. 2010; Российско-африканские отношения в условиях глобализации / Отв. ред. Т. Л. Дейч, Е. Н. Корендясов. М. 2009; Россия в конкурентной борьбе за африканские минерально-сырьевые ресурсы / Отв. ред. Т. Л. Дейч, Е. Н. Корендясов. М. 2011; Новые партнеры Африки: влияние на рост и развитие стран континента / Отв. ред. Т Л. Дейч, Е. Н. Корендясов. М.: Институт Африки РАН. 2016.

62 Аньяоха С.Ч. Особенности политического процесса и внешняя политика Нигерии в условиях глобализации: дисс. ...кандидат полит. наук: 23.00.04. М. 2008. 157 с.; Oмо О.О.Д. Нигерия в процессе региональной интеграции в Западной Африке (на примере ЭКОВАС): дисс. ... кандидат ист. наук: 07.00.15. М. 2018. 191 с.

policy such as CH. Aden, T.B. Ashaver, D. Bach, L.P. Blanchard, M. Bloom and H. Matfess, Y. Chen, J.O. David, E. Meyerding, J. Herkovitz, G. Mahe and J.E. Paturel; S. Miller; J.S. Nye, M. Ortiz, S. Riordan, W. Showers, S. Sewall, J.L. Walker63. The works of the aforementioned scholars have provided an in-depth analysis of the current political, economic, cultural and humanitarian processes in Africa as well as analysis of the fundamental factors affecting the dynamics.

In Europe, African studies have also developed widely and many European scholars have studied Nigeria's foreign policy in the context of its priorities and in particular are on its participation in peacekeeping activities in West Africa and in regional and sub-regional organizations as well as bilateral relations with the leading countries of the world. They are J.B Boyd, S. Charlotte, B. Dudley, C.H. Griffin, J. Mayall, A.A. Mazrui, A. Ogilvie, M. Sinclair, and D. Nolte64.

63 Alden, C.H. China in Africa, New York: Zed Books, 2004; Ashaver, T.B. Continuities and Discontinuities in Nigerian Foreign Policy. // International Journal of Development and Sustainable Vol.3. (2),P. 289; Bach, D. Nigeria's Manifest Destiny in West Africa: Dominance with Power // Africa Spectrum Vol.42. No.2; Blanchard, L.P. US. African Command (AFRICOM) // Congressional Research Service 2014; Bloom, M. &Matfest, H. Women as Symbols and Swords in Boko Haram's Terror. // PRISM. Vol.6 No.1; Chen, Y. China's Role in Nigerian Railway Development and Implications for Security and Development. // United States Institute of Peace. 2018; David, J.O. et al. Boko Haram: The Socio-Economic Drivers. // Springer 2015; Meierding, E, I.R. Theory as Politics, International Politics as Theory: a Nigerian case study, African Nebula // University of Chicago. 2010; Herskovits, J. Nigeria: Africa's New Power. // Foreign Affairs, 1976. Vol.53 No.2; Mahe, G &Paturel, J.E. 1896-2006 Sahelian annual rainfall variability and runoff increase of Sahelian Rivers.2009 // Comptes Rendus Geoscience Vol.341 No. 7; Miller, S. Global Nollywood: The Nigerian movie industry and alternative global networks in production and distribution. // Global Media and Communications Vol. 8 No.2; Nye, J.S. Soft Power The means to success in world politics, New York, N.Y: Public Affairs 2004; Ortiz, M. US. African Command: A New Way of Thinking // National Security Watch. 2008; Riordan, S. Dialogue based Public Diplomacy: A New Foreign Paradigm Chapter in the New Diplomacy Soft Power in International Relations. / ed. by Jan Milissan Palgrave: Macmillan, 2005; Showers, V. The world in figures. Toronto: John Wiley, 1973; Sewall, S. Boko Haram: The Growing Treat to Schools girls in Nigeria and Beyond. // United States Department of State, House Foreign Affairs Committee 2014; Walker, J.L. International Military Education and Training. // Ultimate Foreign Policy Tool for the 21st Century.1998. - P. 12-68.

64 Boyd, J.B. African Boundary Conflict: An Empirical Study/ // The African Studies Review 1979; Dudley, B. An Introduction to Nigerian government and Politics. London: Macmillan 1982; Griffin, C.H. Operation Barkhane and Boko Haram: French Counterterrorism and military cooperation in the Sahel. Trends Research and Adversary. // University de Savoe; Mayall, J. Oil and Nigerian Foreign Policy. // African Affairs, 1976, Vol.75. P. 25-58; Mazrui, A.A. Towards A Pax Africana:

The basic priorities of Nigeria's foreign policy, its dynamic and development have become the object of study by American and British researchers such as A. Pine, I. Pogoson and C. Hartmann65. In particular, C. Hartmann66 predicts the impact of economic integration in West Africa by the establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Zone and the subsequent political configuration of the continent.

The role of Nigeria in multilateral institutions and especially in various international organizations to which the country is a member, is reflected in the published monographs by I.L. Claude, E.K. Jamson, S. Gill and D. Law, A. Ogilvie, K.N.E. Okereke67. Also, the foreign policy of Nigeria and its bilateral relations with the leading countries of the world are reflected in the works of S. Charlotte, K. Griffin, D. Hearn and T. M. Shaw68.

A Study in Ideology and Ambition. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson. 2003. - 327 pp.; Sinclair, M. An Analysis of Nigerian Foreign Policy: The Evolution of Political Paranoia. Braamfontein: The South African Institute of International Affairs. 1983. - 218 pp.; Nolte, D. How to compare regional powers: Analytical concepts and research topics. // Review of International Studies. 2010, Vol. 36. P. 881-901.

65 Pine, A. Nigerian Foreign Policy 1960-2011 // The Guardian. 1999.; Pogoson, I. A Decade of Nigeria's Economic Diplomacy: Issues and Challenges. // Board Members, 2011; Hartman, C. Governance Transfer by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Case Study Report // SFB-Governance Working Paper. Series No.47. 2013.

66 Hartman, C. Governance Transfer by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Case Study Report // SFB-Governance Working Paper. Series No.47. 2013.

67 Claude, I.L. Collective legitimization as a political function of the United Nations.International organizations, Vol.20 No. 03 1966; Gill, S &Law, D. Global Hegemon and the Structural Power of Capital. // International Quarterly, Vol. 33. No. 4; Ogilvie, A. et al. Water, agriculture and poverty in the Niger River Basin. // International Resources Association; Shaw, T.M. The state of Nigeria: Oil crises, power and bases of foreign policy // Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des etudes Africaines. 2010. Vol. 18 No. 2; Okereke, C.N.E. Nigeria and the African Union in the Light of the Arab Revolts. Lecture Series on African Series on African Security. Uppsala Sweden: Nordic African Institute 2012.

68 Charlotte,S. How can China help Nigeria become a more stable society in order to attract more FDI, and at the same time keep Chinese interests safe? // Aalborg University. 2015; Griffin, C.H. Operation Barkhane and Boko Haram: French Counterterrorism and military cooperation in the Sahel. Trends Research and Adversary. // University de Savoie, 2015; Hearne, D. Commonwealth Trade Case Studies: Nigeria. // Centre for Brexit Studies, Birmingham City University (BCU). 2017; Shaw, T.M. The state of Nigeria: Oil crises, power and bases of foreign policy. // Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des etudes Africaines. 2014. Vol. 18, No.2.

Of particular interest are studies by African and Nigerian scholars on the formation and development of Nigeria's foreign policy. They analyze Nigeria's basic priorities of foreign policy and its dynamic nature since independence with focus on the period from 1976 to 2020. Among the Nigerian authors who have studied the country's foreign policy since independence are A. Ademoyega, O. Adeniji, T. Adeniran, R. A. Akindele, B. Akintola, O. Aluko, N. L. Barika, S. Egbo, I. Gambari, G. J. Idang, R. Ofoegbu, O. L. O. Oyelakin, H. A. Saliu and I. A. P.

Wogu69.

The following Nigerian scholars: O. Adeniyi, D. Agbese, O. Akinkugbe, J. A.A. Ayoade, E.K. Odi, O. Ojigbo70 studied Nigeria's foreign policy and how it changed during the period with inaugurated of new leaders who participated in its

69Ademoyega, A. Why we struck the story of the First Nigerian Coup. Ibadan: Evans Brothers (Nigeria Publishers) Limited 1982; Adeniji, O. Essay on Nigerian Foreign Policy, Governance and International Security, Ibadan: Dokun Publishing 2000; Adeniran, T. Foreign Policy External Image and International Relations in Sam Oyovbaire (ed) Governance and Politics in Nigeria: The IBB and OBJ Years. Spectrum Books Ltd. 2008; Akindele, R.A. (eds) The Structure and Processes of Foreign Policy Making and Implementation in Nigeria 1960-1990. Lagos: NIIA 2000; Akintola, B. Nigeria and the World: A Review of Nigeria's Foreign Policy (1960-2007). // The Nigerian Army Quarterly Journal Vol. 3. No.4; Aluko, O. Essays on Nigeria's Foreign Policy. Ibadan: University Press 1983; Barika, N.L. Nigerian Foreign Policy from 1960-2003: Implications for Present and Future Leaders/ // IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 19, Is. 8, Ver. III (Aug. 2014), P. 52-58; Egbo, S. Nigeria and the World: A Treatise on Foreign Policy. Enugu: John Jacobs Classic Publishers Ltd. 2003; Gambari,I. Theory and Reality in Foreign Policy Making: Nigeria after the First Republic. New Jersey: Humanities Press Inc, 1989; Nigeria at Home and Abroad, Selected Speeches. New York: Chaneta International Publishers, 2007; Idang, G.J. Nigeria: Internal Politics and Foreign Policy 1960-1966. Ibadan: University Press, 1973; Ofoegbu, R. The Structure and Processes of Foreign Policy Formation and Implementation: A Study of the Ministry of External Affairs in G.O. Olusanya 1990; Oyelakin, O.L.O. The Nigerian Foreign Service Administration. London: ICI (Directory Publishers) Ltd, 1989; Saliu,H.A. Essays on Contemporary Nigerian Foreign Policy, Ibadan: Vantage Publishers Vol. I.2006. P. 147-179; Wogu, I.A.P (eds) A Critical Evaluation of Nigeria's Foreign Policy at 53. // Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2011.

70 Adeniyi, O. Power, Politics and Death A front-row account of Nigeria under the Late President Umaru Yar'Adua. Lagos: Kachifo Limited, 2011; Agbese, D. Ibrahim Babangida The Military, Politics and Power in Nigeria. London: Adonis and Abbey Publishers Ltd, 2012; Akinkugbe, O (eds) Olusegun Obasanjo The Presidential Legacy, 1990-2007. Ibadan: Bookcraft, 2013; Ayoade, J.A.A. (eds) The Jonathan Presidency The Sophomore Year. Ibadan: John Archers Limited, 2014; Odi, E.C. Ibrahim Babangida's Foreign Policy Triumphs. Atlanta: Bissau Investment Ventures Ltd, 1991; Ojigbo, O. Shehu Shagari The Biography of Nigeria's First Executive President. Ljuljana: Mladinska Kujiga, 1982.

development. The scholars have critically examined the various roles that such leaders played and their contributions to the development and implementation of the foreign policy.

The object of study of the Nigerian scholars E.E. Lawal and O. I. Aluko71was the conceptualization of the regional foreign policy initiative of the Nigerian government. Several findings by authors are of particular importance for this dissertation. Of particular valuable is the idea of the concept of "Africa as the centerpiece of Nigeria's foreign policy" which has become the most consistent theme that goes through its foreign policy under the various political regimes. The authors also comment on the "three concentric circles" strategy of Nigeria's foreign policy as follows: The first concentric circle places Nigeria's interest first; the West African Sub-region in the second circle; and the rest of Africa in the third circle.

Scholars such as S.R. Bassey, O.O. Fafowora, O.O. George, O.J. Ojo, J. Sanda, B.H. Yaya72 analyze in their works the role that the country played in ECOWAS, in which Nigeria is an active member and in peacekeeping operations in Africa and especially in West Africa in which the country participated together with other countries.

As for the bilateral relations of Nigeria with the leading countries of the world, the works of the following Nigerian and African scholars are relevant: O. Agbu, E. Agubamah, T.J. Ayoola, H. Annan, K. Boafo-Arthur, L.K. Tukumbi, I. Olomojobi,

71 Lawal, E. E., Aluko, O. I. Nigerian Foreign Policy: a Fourth Republic Diplomatic Escapade. // Journal of Siberian Federal University. 2016. Vol. 9. P. 708-721.

72 Bassey, S.R. Assessment of Nigeria's Role in the Development of Economic Laws in ECOWAS. // International Affairs and Global Strategy. 2015. Vol. 15. P. 21-32. Fafowora, O.O. Lest I forget Memoirs of a Nigerian Career Diplomat. Lagos: The Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, 2013; George, O.O. From Rookie to Mandarin The Memoirs of a Second Generation Diplomat. Ibadan: Bolytag, 2010; Ojo, O.J. Nigeria and the formation of ECOWAS. // International Organization. Vol. 34, No.4, 1980; Sanda, J. Nigeria's Global Role in Peacekeeping: From the Congo through Lebanon to Bosnia Herzegovina / "In Nigeria at Fifty: Contributions to Peace, Democracy and Development" edited by A. Jega and J. Farris. Abuja: Shehu Musa Yar'Adua Foundation; Yaya B.H. ECOWAS and the Promotion of Democratic Governance in West Africa. // Journal of International Relations and Foreign Policy, Vol. 2 No.I, 2015.

O. Apampa, A. Rimdap, V. M. Tarabinah and P. O. Okolo73. In their studies, the authors address various aspects of Nigeria's bilateral relations with China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia, tracing historical retrospective and observable sustainable development that may become fundamental trends in the future.

Thus, it can be concluded that the historiography of the study provides a sufficiently comprehensive overview of the historical aspect of the study as well as an expertise and analytical perspective of the subject. However, the implementation aspect of Nigeria's multilateral foreign policy at the regional and sub -regional level is not well articulated, although it is discussed by a number of researchers when attempting to analyze or predict the development of the Nigerian foreign policy. This makes it necessary to conduct special studies aimed at analyzing the mechanisms, characteristics and trends of Nigeria's foreign policy from 1976-2020.

Theoretical and methodological significance of the study: The theoretical basis for Nigeria's foreign policy study from 1976 to 2020 was based on neo-realism74. This theory makes it possible to consider international relations at various levels as an integral and interconnected system, in the functioning of which the national interest of countries and the interest of economic actors plays an equally

73 Agbu O. Promoting Nigeria-China relations in Nigeria // NIIA. Vol.13. No. 11-12. 1994; Agubamah E. Bilateral Relations: Periscoping Nigeria and China Relations // European Scientific Journal, Vol.10 No.14. 2014; Ayoola T.J. Nigeria-China Trade Relations: Implications on the Nigerian Domestic Economy. // Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. Vol.4 No.17. 2013.; Annan N. Violent, Conflicts and Civil Strife in West Africa: Causes, Challenges and Prospects Stability. // International Journal of Security & Development. Vol. 3 No.I. 2014; Boafo-Arthur K. Ghana: One Decade of the Liberal State. London: Zed Books, 2007; Tukumbi L.K. China-African Relations. A Neo-Imperialism or a Neo-colonialism? A Reflection // African and Asian Studies. Vol.10, 2011; Olomojobi Y., Apampa O. Nigeria/US Relations in contemporary perspective: Projecting into Buhari/Trump Government Relationship. // SSRN.Oct., 2017; Rimdap A. An Assessment of Nigeria-China Economic Relations from 1999-2014. // International Journal of Arts and Humanities, Vol. 4 No.I. 2015. P. 35-57; Tarabinah W.M. &Okolo P.O. Dependent Militarization and Africa Security: Analysis of Nigeria and United States Relations. // Business Research. Vol.3 No.3. 2015. P.76-85.

74 Waltz K. Theory of international politics. Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1979. 256 p.; Gilpin R. War and change in world politics. Publisher: Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition. 288 p.; Keohane R. Neorealism and its critics. Wiley.1986. 378 p.

important role. This aspect relates to the context of Nigeria's foreign policy, in which a number of industries are attracting foreign capital, including IMF funds. In addition, theorization in line with the neorealist theory of interaction between great powers and other countries which is also applicable in the realities of Nigerian foreign policy is important.

The methodology of the dissertation is determined by the goals and objectives set in the work, based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and reliability, as well as a number of general and special scientific methods.

Above all, the author was guided by the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, reliability and consistency. The principle of historicism made it possible to consider problems in development and interaction as well as to establish links between the present, past and the future. The principle of objectivity made it possible to consider historical facts in terms of objective laws. The principle of reliability made it possible to study each phenomenon in the aggregate of its positive and negative aspect.

In the course of this study, the author used a comprehensive approach, which made it possible to analyze the factors relevant to the study of Nigeria's foreign policy in a sufficient, comprehensive and reliable manner as well as to open up in depth the problems raised and to obtain reasonable solutions.

The research study used comparative and problem-chronological methods. Referring to the comparative method, the author analyzed the formation and development of foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in the context of expanding relations with countries, regional and intergovernmental organizations. The method of comparative analysis was used in comparing the characteristics of the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to identify the features of its evolution at different stages.

The application of these principles and methods together made it possible to identify the priorities of Nigeria's foreign policy from 1976 to 2020 and their characteristics and developments.

Scientific novelty of the work: The dissertation work is the first comprehensive study of the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from 1976-2020, carried out on a methodological basis and taking into consideration the impact of the ongoing dynamism in the international relations. Scientific results have been achieved on the basis of an integrated approach as follows:

- The conceptual framework of Nigeria's foreign policy was studied and analyzed;

- Identified features, historical traditions and the basic stages of development of Afrocentric initiative of Nigeria's foreign policy were revealed;

- Analyzed the relationship between Nigeria and other countries, regional and global organizations in the context of cooperation which made it possible to determine the state and possible prospects for the development of cooperation and factors affecting the country's foreign policy;

- The features and mechanisms of the Nigerian government's foreign policy decision-making process from 1976 to 2020 were revealed;

- The specifics of cooperation between Nigeria and the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, China, USSR/Russia have been analyzed within the context of bilateral and multilateral relations;

- The author has introduced a number of sources which are: sources from international organizations - A U, EU, ECOWAS and Gulf of Guinea Commission amongst others. Of particular importance is the 2019 ECOWAS Integrated Maritime Strategy75 and the final documents of the 12th Assembly of the AU76. The author has

75 The Integrated Maritime Strategy of ECOWAS / Regional Security Division (RSD). 28.10.2019. URL: https://edup.ecowas.int/allevents/categories/key-resources/eims/ (date of access: 19.07.2020).

76 Decisions of the 12th Extraordinary Session of the Assembly / African Union. July 07, 2019. URL:https://au.int/en/decisions/decisions-12th-extraordin.. (date of access: 28.09.2020).

also introduced into scientific circulation a doctrinal document of the United States, conceptualizing the African context of Washington's foreign policy - "The New African Strategy of 201877.

The main provisions for the defense:

1. Since 1976, Nigeria's foreign policy has not been only way of dealing with foreign countries but also a form of active struggle to strengthen the sovereignty of independent Nigeria. The Nigeria's foreign policy was aimed at creating a wide range of international partnership for national and sub-regional development.

2. Despite frequent change of political administrations, Nigeria has sought to conduct bilateral and multilateral diplomatic relations through the international global and African regional organizations such as the UN, OAU/AU, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Niger Basin Authority and the Lake Chad Basin Commission. Its membership of these organizations has provided Nigeria with a platform to protect and defend its interest which is as an opportunity to address a number of issues not only in its region but the African continent as a whole. For instance, through the UN and ECOWAS, Nigeria was able to participate in a numerous peacekeeping missions which earned it international status as a partner in global stability and leader of peace making on African affairs. At the moment, Nigeria's policy in sub-regional organizations is strongly focused on a number of non-traditional security issues, (environmental, financial, demographic etc.).

3. Nigeria was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU and African Union since 2002) and has often initiated political decisions through this organization that are of importance to the entire region. Most of the relations with other African countries took place outside the OAU but were guided by the OAU principles. Since 1976, relations with African countries have been at the heart of Nigerian leadership's foreign policy as evidenced by the active support for national

77 A New Africa Strategy / US Department of State. December 13, 2018 URL: https://www.state. gov/a-new-africa-strategy/ (date of access: 27.09.2020).

liberation movements and anti-apartheid fighters. From that period onwards, its foreign policy has been transformed into Afrocentric.

4. Nigeria has sought to develop relations not only with the countries in the African continent but also with the countries of Asia and Latin America. Its foreign policy is characterized by its active participation in the Non-Aligned Movement while adhering to the principles of pan-Africanism. The Non-Aligned Movement has been a platform for the Federal Republic of Nigeria to engage with developing countries, positioning and self-identifying itself globally with the claim to be a responsible African power.

5. The desire to lead Africa remains a priority of Nigerian foreign policy. Nigeria has championed the political and economic interest of the continent in international and African organizations and it has demonstrated its commitment to peace and security in the region as well as its readiness to play a leading role in the UN and African Union peacekeeping. Since the end of the military dictatorship, strengthening of friendly relations with African countries has been the main focus of the country's foreign policy. Nigeria was one of the four sponsors of NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa's Development).

6. Nigeria seeks to intensify its relations with the outside world. At present, its foreign policy is primarily driven by pragmatic considerations. The country's foreign policy of "economic diplomacy" is gaining momentum with particular evidence in its bilateral relations with the UK, USA, Russia and China.

7. As an active participant in the Niger Basin Authority, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Economic Community of West African States and the Gulf of Guinea Commission, Nigeria is not only maintaining friendly relations with member states of these international bodies but is also developing and implementing programmes for the development of the Niger Basin and Lake Chad as well as participating in its development and implementation of anti-piracy measures. Nigeria, thus asserts itself

as a responsible regional power, capable and striving to actively participate in the development and implementation of the regional agenda.

8. At present, there is an increasing role of citizen diplomacy in Nigeria's foreign policy implementation. Citizen diplomacy has influenced the development of foreign and domestic goals and strategies of government and has made a huge contribution to improving the international image of the country and to developing friendly relations among nations. Furthermore, Nigeria's citizen diplomacy in terms of source or initiative can be subdivided into "state" citizen diplomacy coming from top when the initiators of certain actions of citizen diplomacy are official government agencies and coming from below when the initiators are from the ordinary people who have nothing to do with the government.

Theoretical significance of the study is the totality of the results, theoretical conclusions and provisions obtained by the author who makes a certain contribution to the study of the role of foreign policy in ensuring the security and protection of national interest by African states in modern international relations. The example of the Federal Republic of Nigeria demonstrates the importance of a comprehensive study of the foreign policy of an African state in the continent as well as the leading state of the world both in international and regional intergovernmental organizations such as in the implementation of Nigeria's foreign policy.

An important part of the study is the process of the formation and development of foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria that has been examined in relation with regional and intergovernmental organizations.

For the first time, English-language sources have been introduced to the scholastic community's contribution to a comprehensive study of the work. The theoretical significance is also expressed in the systematization of knowledge about the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria at the sub-regional (West Africa and Gulf of Guinea), regional (Africa) and global levels with the connection of the possibility of using the results of research both in practice and teaching. The main

provisions of the dissertation are of interest to African scholars and researchers involved in political processes in international relations involving African states.

Practical significance of the study: The materials in the thesis can be used as reference materials, and the scientific development of a number of specific issues, the key points, conclusion and practical recommendations are taken into account when considering relevant issues in ECOWAS, the Niger Basin Authority, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Gulf of Guinea Commission, African Union and UN amongst others. In addition, these materials can be used to develop outlines for lectures on courses for bachelors, masters and postgraduates students studying foreign policy of African countries and various aspects of international relations and security problems in West Africa such as integration processes in the region and the participation of African states in the activities of international organizations by ensuring regional security.

In addition, the materials used in the thesis with its conclusion and analytical approaches may be used in the workings of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation among others which is to develop and clarify a number of aspects of Russian foreign policy towards African countries.

The reliability and validity of the research findings are carried out by the following: use of a representative; historical and information base; introduction of a wide range of sources both in Russian and English as well as publication of the main provisions of the dissertation in scientific publications contained in the "PFUR List" and "VAK List".

Approbation of the thesis: The conclusion and provisions of the dissertation are presented in speeches at international and inter-university conferences, seminars and round tables. The main theoretical and practical provisions of the thesis are covered in the author's work which include articles published in the scientific journals

such as Scientific Journal of History, Economics and Law Research Institute, Nota Bene, Arts, Education and Science, Paris: Atlantis Press as well as publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and in particular, in the journal "International Relations".

Structure of the thesis: This dissertation "The basic priorities of foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1976-2020 consists of: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of sources and literature and a list of abbreviations.

Заключение диссертации по теме «История международных отношений и внешней политики», Афолаби Гбадебо

CONCLUSION

There is no doubt that the development of N igeria's foreign policy require a considerable diplomatic work at the global, regional and sub-regional levels and on bilateral and multilateral relations of inter-state cooperation, as well as thorough elaboration of the country's foreign policy objective. It should be noted that this approach has certain continuity: its trajectory is set and conducted with the activities of each of the successive administrations to build on the foundation laid by Alhaji Tafawa Balewa, the first Prime Minister of Nigeria.

In this work, the author has highlighted the periodization of Abuja's foreign policy, which is closely related to its Afrocentric approach of its policy. Since independence, Nigerian foreign policy has undergone two complete stages. The first stage, related to the administration of Prime Minister T. Balewa (1960-1966) which was characterized as inconsistent and contradictory. This characterization can be explained by the complex global political situation both in the world and in the African region, as well as by the fragile Nigerian statehood, which has no experience of solving the problems faced by the state in the international and regional scene, and being forced to act in the context of the ethno-religious tension within the country and to overcome the consequences left behind by the long period of colonialization. The second stage of Nigerian foreign policy is related to the activities of the administration of General Y. Gowon (1966-1975) and is determined by the change in foreign policy guidelines, which to a certain extent was facilitated by the attitude of the great powers to the civil war in Nigeria. Under these circumstances, the foreign policy of Nigeria is becoming more diversified on one hand and on the other, more independent in a sub-regional level, formulating its own view of the problems and prospects of West Africa. This emerging trend can be seen as the source for the future of an Afrocentric approach.

By studying the western factor in foreign policy of independent Nigeria, the author has established the pattern. While in the early stage after Nigeria gained its independence, the ideological factor played a significant role in its relations with the Western countries. At the present stage, Abuja's policy towards these countries is primarily driven by pragmatic considerations dictated by the country's interest in foreign aid and investment which is experiencing serious economic difficulties. In Nigerian foreign policy, the economic diplomacy as a means of survival in the context of globalization is gaining momentum. Nigeria has been found to have a diversified institutional framework that is involved in policy making. The main centre is represented by the legislative and executive branches of government. In addition, due to the federal administrative and territorial structure of the state, the electorate of the various states and local governments with governors as head provide support for the development of foreign policy decisions.

In his dissertation, the author proved that "citizen diplomacy" put on the agenda by the administration of Yar'Adua (2007-2010) was rather ambiguous which was characterized by a high degree of rhetoric which has not been translated into practical terms and has not produced visible results. The government did not seem to have a clear plan of intention for achieving its goals. From the author's point of view, citizen diplomacy could have been an effective foreign policy if the government had overcome the domestic political problems that were confronting and preventing the image component of the country from improving.

It has been shown that Nigeria is committed to diversifying its relationship with the outside world. At present, its foreign policy is primarily driven by pragmatic considerations. The country's foreign policy takes on the weight of "economic diplomacy" which is particularly evident in its bilateral relations with the UK, the United States, Russia and China.

It has been established that the bilateral relationship between Nigeria and the UK has been maintained since the emergence of the modern political order, as the

two countries have sought to develop and maintain long-term relations between them in the fields of politics, trade, economic and security issues. In addition, the dissertation states that Nigeria, like the United Kingdom, understands the importance of partnership in their bilateral relations based on mutual understanding and trust, mainly because of similarities in their legal system, common language and history, among others.

The relationship between Nigeria and the United States was found to demonstrate positive dynamics, an extensive institutional framework and a deep regulatory framework that consists of agreements relating to the supply of agricultural goods, aviation, defense, economic and technical cooperation, education and other contractual obligations.

The author concludes that the relations between the Russian Federation and Nigeria are improving steadily, which was facilitated by a common position on compliance with contractual obligations and respect for UN mandatory principles. Russia is demonstrating the behavior of a proactive power in its African approach of international relations. This has a positive impact on the Nigerian-Russian bilateral cooperation. It was found that Russia remains an ally of Nigeria, as their cooperation is aimed at maintaining an intensive political dialogue and the successful development in trade, economic, investment, and expansion of military-technical cooperation, especially in the field of security. In general, Nigeria is creating a solid foundation for further development of bilateral cooperation with Russia.

It has been established that countries are working to strengthen a positive and constructive atmosphere for such relationship based on mutual understanding and trust. However, at the same time, there are some pitfalls on this two-way track. There is growing concern among the experts about the increasing negative trade balance in favour of China and the growing debt for implementation of infrastructural projects prospect by the Chinese companies in Nigeria.

Despite its contribution to Peace Support Operations (PSOs) on the continent, Nigeria is faced with numerous problems of internal security. From the author's point of view, this has forced the M. Buhari administration (from 2015) to place security as one of the three pillars of its basic priorities but with the support of international community which is inevitably linked to the administration's foreign policy. In fact, the security problem in Africa has been internationalized due to its wider spread, which requires huge resources both in human and material hence Nigeria's interest in supporting multilateral organizations such as the AU in assisting countries facing insurgency.

In the study of Abuja's interaction with international organizations at the subregional level in the context of its multilateral policy, the author has proved the basic priorities of Nigeria at the present stage of development. As an active participant in the Niger Basin Authority, the Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Economic Community of West African States and the Gulf of Guinea Commission, not only Nigeria maintains friendly relations with member countries of these international bodies but also develops and implements programmes for the development of the Niger Basin and Lake Chad, and participates in the design and implementation of anti-piracy measures. Nigeria thus asserts itself as a regional responsible power which is able and willing to participate actively in shaping and implementing the regional agenda.

With regards to West African integration, the dissertation concludes that it was in in the Nigeria's interest to unite the West African states whose sense of urgency was crystallized by the policy of capitalist powers supporting the Biafra separatists during the civil war. The support of Western countries to its immediate neighbors prompted Nigeria to move forward with the creation of ECOWAS which it led with the support of Togo and other West African states. Nigeria cannot afford not to make a positive contribution to West African states in all fundamental issues related to the region with its largest economy, financial position in Africa, human and natural

resources and its involvement in peacekeeping activities, especially during the crisis in the region. Nigeria must continue to effectively participate on regional issues. With regard to peacekeeping, Nigeria could no longer unilaterally sponsor any peacekeeping mission such as ECOMOG because of the huge financial cost but it could cooperate with other actors in the region or in Africa as a whole, including international organizations interested in such course.

It was found that due to threats to regional security and stability in the West African region, Nigeria has repeatedly appealed to the international community, especially the United Nations for assistance in the fight against Boko Haram and in solving the problem of insecurity that plagues the country and especially, the plight of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the country's disadvantaged states and in the countries of the Lake Chad Basin with which it borders. This call has received a positive response following the UN assurances that it would work with the Governments of the Lake Chad Basin states to deploy its capacity to improve humanitarian assistance. These efforts ensure that some of the challenges facing the Lake Chad and Niger Basin states can be resolved.

It is noted that the issue of the reduction of water in the Lake Chad region should be jointly addressed by the Lake Chad Basin Commission and with the assistance of international organizations such as the UN, but should not be tackled alone by the country.

A security vacuum is observed in the Sahel region which threatening the national interest of Nigeria due to the porous territorial borders with some countries in West and Central Africa. The upsurge in violence in the Sahel region of West Africa has displaced hundreds of thousands and with death of thousands of people. The flow of weapons from Libya to Niger and Nigeria across porous borders requires joint efforts to address this problem by other countries in the Sahel region and the international community.

It has been found out that, since Nigeria's main foreign policy strategy from independence has been to provide leadership for Africa on global issues, the country has nevertheless demonstrated sufficient leadership and achievement to earn the respect of African brothers and thought of leadership outside the continent. Nigeria has been elected on several occasions to represent the region as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.

In general, the Nigeria's foreign policy objective of Afrocentrism, conducted with national interest in multilateral settings (AU, ECOWAS, GGC, LCBC and the NBA); peacekeeping; support for democratic governance and the rule of law in the West African sub-region and Africa in general; and bilateral diplomacy with various countries mentioned in this work has allowed for a focus on the main foreign policy priorities of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to address many of its foreign policy challenges, which it returned to in 1976 and has maintained to this day.

Список литературы диссертационного исследования кандидат наук Афолаби Гбадебо, 2021 год

LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES

Sources Normal legislation

a) English

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2. Article 3 of the Constitutive Act of AU, URL: https: //au.int/sites/default/files/pages/32020-file-constitutiveact_en.pdf. (date of access: 21.12.2019).

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6. Article 27 of the Treaty of the Gulf of Guinea Commission, URL: www.cggrps.org. (date of access: 08/04/2019).

7. Article 31 (1) of Treaty of the Gulf of Guinea Commission, URL: www.cggrps.org. (date of access: 08/04/2019).

8. Article 42 of the United Nations Organization Charter

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14. Convention Creating the Niger Basin Authority. No.22675. Registered by the Niger Basin Authority on 13 January 1984.URL: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201346/volume-1346-A-22675-English.pdf (date of access: 23.07.2020).

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