Выявление перспективных нефтегазоносных объектов на основе моделирования углеводородных систем в центрально-восточной части Суэцкого залива (Египет) тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 25.00.10, кандидат наук Таршан Ахмед Рамадан Мохамед

• Таршан Ахмед Рамадан Мохамед
• кандидат наук
• 2020

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Таршан Ахмед Рамадан Мохамед

Table of Contents

Introduction

Chapter I Tectonic setting and geological history

1.1. Plate tectonic setting

1.2. Timing of rifting

1.3. Structural setting of the GOS and the eastern margin

1.4. Stratigraphy of the GOS and the eastern margin

1.4.1. Pre-rift lithostratigraphic units

1.4.2. Syn-rift lithostratigraphic units

1.4.3. Post-rift lithostratigraphic units

1.5. Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the GOS and the eastern margin

1.5.1. Pre-rift history

1.5.2. Rift development

1.5.2.1. Stage 1- Late Oligocene-Earliest Miocene

1.5.2.2. Stage 2 - Earliest Miocene

1.5.2.3. Stage 3 - Mid-Miocene-Late Miocene

1.5.2.4. Stage 4 - Pliocene-Recent

1.6. Petroleum system

1.6.1. Source rocks

1.6.2. Reservoir rocks

1.6.3. Seals

1.6.4. Traps

Summary of Chapter I

Chapter II Airborne magnetic data analysis (Construction of the basement layer of the 3D model)

2.1. Data acquisition

2.1.1. Airborne magnetometer

2.1.2. Base station magnetometer

2.1.3. Base station GPS

2.2. Data calibration

2.2.1. Figure of Merit (FOM) test

2.2.2. Heading test

2.2.3. Parallax / Lag test

2.2.4. Altimeter calibration

2.3. Data processing

2.3.1. Diurnal correction

2.3.2. Heading correction

2.3.3. Parallax / Lag correction

2.3.4. International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF)

2.4. Data presentation

2.4.1. Gridding of airborne magnetic data

2.4.2. Conversion of airborne geophysical data to image format

2.5. Data interpretation

2.5.1. Qualitative interpretation

2.5.1.1. Reduction to the pole

2.5.1.2. The energy (power) spectrum

2.5.2. Quantitative interpretation of airborne magnetic data

2.5.2.1. Magnetic depth estimation

A. Analytical signal (AS) technique

B. Source parameter imaging (SPI) technique

C. 3D Euler deconvolution

2.6. Forward and inverse modelling

2.6.1. Concept

2.6.2. Magnetic forward modelling

2.6.3. Magnetic inversion modelling

2.6.4. Main problems of inversion

2.6.4.1. Existence of solution

2.6.4.2. Existence of unique solution

2.6.4.3. Existence of stable solution

2.6.5. Inversion methods

2.6.5.1. Least square inversion

2.6.5.2. Minimum norm inversion

2.6.5.3. Marquardt-Levenberg inversion

2.7. Interactive 2D-magnetic modelling

2.8. 3D magnetic modelling interpretation

2.8.1. Analysis for inversion process

Summary of Chapter II

Chapter III 3D petroleum system model

3.1. General

3.2. Creating depth-based structural model

3.2.1. Data gathering

3.2.2. Data digitising

3.2.3. Well data

3.2.4. Depth-structure maps

3.2.5. Pillar Gridding

3.2.6. Defining Horizons and Layering

3.3. Lithology, depositional environment and age determination

3.4. Determination of petroleum system element

3.5. Total organic carbon (TOC) and hydrogen index (HI)

3.6. Boundary Condition

3.6.1. Heat flow map

3.6.2. Sediment Water Interface Temperature (SWIT)

3.7. Forward modelling

Summary of Chapter III

Chapter IV Identification of oil and gas bearings objects based on the results of the 3D petroleum system model (Model results)

4.1. Source rock analysis

4.2. Forecast of oil and gas accumulations within reservoir rocks

4.2.1. Prerift reservoirs

4.2.1.1. Nubia sandstone reservoirs

4.2.2. Synrift Reservoirs

4.2.2.1. Nukhul Formation

4.2.2.2. Rudeis Formation

4.2.2.3. Belayim Formation

Summary of Chapter IV

Conclusions and main results

References

List of abbreviations

Table of Figures

Table of Tables

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Выявление перспективных нефтегазоносных объектов на основе моделирования углеводородных систем в центрально-восточной части Суэцкого залива (Египет)»

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic

The tectono-stratigraphic history of the Gulf of Suez (GOS) has created multiple reservoirs that lead to the hydrocarbon potentiality of the GOS basin, in addition to existence of sufficient source rocks which are spatially distributed in the area (McClay, 1998).

The GOS basin is considered as one of the best examples of a continental rift in which large-scale and along-axis segmentation into sub-basins by accommodation zones was clearly identified. It was also one of the premier models for Miocene carbonate platform development, and was identified as a great example of the interaction between sedimentation and extensional fault development.

Despite the significant amount of data about the structural and lithological components of individual parts of the GOS, a comprehensive analysis of the entire basin has not yet been performed. This research work presents the results of the integration of detailed structural and stratigraphic studies of the eastern part of the rift system of the GOS.

There are many oil fields have been discovered in the eastern of the GOS. However, there is no comprehensive work has been carried out to reassess this oil and gas region in order to detect new zones of hydrocarbon accumulation, as well as to assess the the accumulations that have already been discovered using geophysical methods and modern software.

This study aims to create a detailed study of the structure of the basin and the history of the study area through constructing a three-dimensional (3D) depth structural model of the study area and creating a petroleum system model to identify hydrocarbon accumulation zones.

The main objective of the study is to predict hydrocarbon accumulation zones in the study area using several geophysical data through constructing a petroleum system model, as well as comparing the proven and undiscovered hydrocarbon accumulations.

The objectives of the study include:

1- Acquisition, processing and interpretation of airborne magnetic data, and constructing 3D depth model of the basement layer of the study area.

2- Creating depth-based structural model of the study area using seismic data and well data.

3- Constructing 3D petroleum system model of the study area.

4- Identification of oil and gas bearing objects based on the results of the petroleum system model. The scientific novelty of the research results

The rationale for the research comes from the realization that the GOS has excellent hydrocarbon potentiality, with a prospective sedimentary basin area measuring more than 19,000 km2, it is considered as the most productive oil province rift basin in Africa and the Middle East. However, the

central eastern part contains productive oil and gas fields; there is probability of existence new hydrocarbon accumulations that haven't been discovered in the central eastern part of the GOS. In the framework of this study, a 3D petroleum system model of the study area was created for the first time, the model was calibrated according to the discovered oil and gas fields and recommendations were presented for further geological studies. The practical value of the research

The results obtained in the thesis can be used by the Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum to re-evaluate this area and can be also provided to the companies that have the right to explore for oil and gas in the study area. The results indicate that there are new accumulations of hydrocarbon that have not yet been discovered. Therefore, by carrying out further detailed studies on these locations, the possibility of the presence of oil and gas will be significant, therefore the research has great economic importance.

Methodology and research methods

The method for determining the hydrocarbon accumulations in this research depends on using various types of data and modern programs to achieve this goal. The Airborne magnetic data were initially pre-processed in the field after each flight. The data were gathered and prepared to perform the full processing sequence. The processing sequence was applied accurately using Geosoft (Oasis montaj). Three advanced techniques were used to estimate the depth to the basement layer. These methods are analytical signal (AS), source parameter imaging (SPI) and 3D Euler deconvolution. Two-dimensional (2D) inverted susceptibility layered-earth model was applied along four profiles within the study area using GM-SYS-2D. Using GM-SYS-3D inversion code, the inverted basement relief images, corresponding to the used susceptibility contrasts, were consistently inspected and the basement relief magnetic map was created. The produced basement relief magnetic map was used in building the 3D depth-based structural model of the study area using Petrel software. Seismic sections and well data were used to create the 3D depth-based structural model. A model consisting of 29 layers, including the topography and basement layers, was created using Petrel software. The lithology and age of each layer were accurately determined to be used in building the petroleum system model. Data about temperature gradient and thermal conductivity were obtained for different wells. In addition to that, heat flow values of the study area have been computed and the heat flow map is created to be used in predicting the oil and gas accumulations in the study area. Information about hydrocarbon masses and volumes generated and expelled from the source rocks as well as the amount that has migrated and accumulated in reservoirs was calculated through running forward simulation using PetroMod software. Based on the results of PetroMod 3D modelling, accumulations of oil and gas are modelled in the different reservoir layers in the study area.

This work uses the following research methods and steps:

1- Acquisition, processing and interpretation of the airborne magnetic data.

2- Conversion of airborne geophysical data to image format.

3- Depth estimation of the basement layer of the study area using different advanced techniques.

4- 2D inverted susceptibility layered-earth model along four profiles using GM-SYS-2D.

5- 3D magnetic modelling interpretation Using GM-SYS-3D inversion code.

6- Digitising the horizons of the seismic section using Petrel software.

7- Constructing depth-based structure model using Petrel software.

8- Creating heat flow map of the study area.

9- Creating petroleum system model of the study area using PetroMod software.

10- Identification of the new accumulations of hydrocarbon within the study area.

The calibration and processing of the airborne magnetic data were carried out at the processing center of the Geophysics Department of the Nuclear Materials Authority in Egypt. The main bulk of the research was conducted in the Department of Geophysics of Saint Petersburg State University. Airborne magnetic data interpretation, 2D and 3D modelling were applied using Geosoft (Oasis montaj). The construction of the 3D depth-based structure model, the petroleum system model, and determination of the hydrocarbon accumulations were carried out using the Petrel and PetroMod programs.

Main provisions of the thesis for defense

1. Based on the processing and interpretation of airborne magnetic data, performed by the author, the map of the basement layer was constructed, which formed as the base of the 3D structural model of the sedimentary basin of the study area.

2. Based on the author's collection, generalization of geological and geophysical data, and interpretation of seismic data in conjunction with well data, a 3D petroleum system model was constructed.

3. The analysis of the results of 3D petroleum system modelling was conducted. The reliability of the model is confirmed by comparing the discovered hydrocarbon accumulation zones. The prediction of promising oil and gas accumulation zones based on model accumulation zones was given. Approbation and publication of research results

The main materials, results and provisions of the dissertation have been presented and discussed in the Russian and international conferences:

1- XXVI International Scientific Conference of Students, Graduate Students and Young Scientists «Lomonosov-2019», Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 2019.

2- III All-Russian scientific conference with international participation «Geodynamic processes and natural disasters», Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 2019.

3- XYIII International Scientific and Practical Conference of Students, Postgraduates and Young Scientists «A step into the future: theoretical and applied research of modern science», Scientific and Publishing Center Discovery, St. Petersburg, 2019.

4- International Scientific and Practical Conference «Technical and Natural Sciences», Humanitarian National Research Institute, St. Petersburg, 2019.

5- 13th International Scientific Conference «Science and Society», part time participation, SCIEURO, London, 2019.

6- V International Conference «Information Technologies in Earth Sciences and Applications for Geology, Mining and Economy ITES&MP», Russian Academy of Sciences, State Geological Museum named after V.I.Vernadsky RAS, Moscow, 2019. of RAS, Moscow, 2019.

On the topic of the dissertation, 11 works were published, including 5 articles. All articles have been published in scientific journals, recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission for publishing materials of candidate and doctoral theses, and indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The author also has published an article on another topic in a journal indexed in the Scopus database.

Personal contribution

The author has formulated the research problem and scopes. The analysis, processing and interpretation of the data were carried out by the author under the supervision of his scientific advisor. The results were discussed with the scientific adviser.

The volume and structure of the thesis work

The work contains 149 pages, 13 tables and 66 figures. The thesis structure includes introduction, four chapters, conclusion, list of references (consisting of 175 titles), list of abbreviations, list of figures and list of tables. The introduction indicates the relevance of the work, in which the goals and objectives of the study are formulated. The first chapter provides information about the tectonic setting and geological history of the GOS and the eastern margin. In the second chapter, acquisition and processing of the airborne magnetic data were applied, the data are quantitatively and qualitatively interpreted, and the airborne magnetic maps are generated. The inverse process of the airborne magnetic data is performed, including 2D and 3D inverse modelling. The third chapter is devoted to constructing the 3D depth-based structure model of the study area using Petrel software and the 3D petroleum system model. In chapter four, the results of the operation of the forward modelling of the 3D petroleum system model using PetroMod software are discussed to identify the hydrocarbon

accumulations in the study area. In conclusion, the main scientific results of the work and the practical

recommendations are given.

Acknowledgement

The work was carried out under the supervision of Shimanskiy Sergey Vladimirovich, Associate Professor of Geophysics, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia, to whom I would like to express my profound gratitude for the suggestions with regard to the choice of the topic, for tactful and patient guidance, his attention and valuable comments.

I consider it a pleasant duty to express appreciation to Titov Konstantin Vladimirovich, Professor of Geophysics, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia, and other employees of the Department of Geophysics at Saint Petersburg State University for their participation in the work and discussion of the results.

I would like to thank the Department of the Airborne Geophysics of the Nuclear Materials Authority for releasing the airborne magnetic data and for providing the necessary information and facilities to accomplish this work. Also, I would like to thank the Department of Geophysics at Saint Petersburg State University for allowing the use of the necessary software to accomplish this work.

I would like to express my deepest thanks to my family, who gave me all the potential support to carry out this study, and my lovely kids Nour and Hala for their patience and encouragement during this work.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Геофизика, геофизические методы поисков полезных ископаемых», Таршан Ахмед Рамадан Мохамед

Заключение и основные результаты

В данной диссертации представлены результаты сбора, обработки и интерпретации аэромагнитных данных, а также результаты построения трехмерной (3D) модели нефтегазоносной системы для выявления перспективных нефтегазоносных объектов в центрально-восточной части Суэцкого залива.

В этой работе были поставлены четыре основные задачи. Во-первых, анализ аэромагнитных данных и построение трехмерной глубинной модели поверхности фундамента изучаемой области. Во-вторых, построение трехмерной глубинной структурной модели исследуемого района с использованием сейсмических данных и данных по скважинам. В-третьих, построение 3D модели нефтегазоносной системы исследуемого района. Наконец, проведена идентификация нефтегазоносных объектов на основе результатов 3D моделирования нефтегазоносной системы.

Департамент аэрогеофизики Управления по ядерным материалам (NMA) Египта провел аэромагнитную съемку высокого разрешения на площади 2745 км2. Данные были получены по основным линиям, расположенным на расстоянии 1000 м, и по контрольным линиям, расположенным на расстоянии 10000 м. Съемка проводилась по азимуту 125о - 305о для основных линий и 35о - 215о для контрольных линий.

Данные специально обрабатывались так, чтобы изолировать компонент магнитного поля земной коры от других компонентов, которые не имеют геологического значения. Данные обрабатывались поэтапно в следующем порядке: вводились поправка на суточные вариации магнитного поля, поправка на выдерживание курса, поправка на запаздывание, Международное геомагнитное аналитическое поле (IGRF), уравнивание и микроуравнивание.

Карты RTP (Рис. 2.2) была получены из карты общей напряженности магнитного поля (Рис. 2.3) для обеспечения прямой корреляции между магнитными аномалиями и их источниками. Магнитная карта RTP была разделена на два магнитных компонента -региональный и остаточный. Карта региональных магнитных компонентов (Рис. 2.5) напоминает в значительной степени аэромагнитную карту RTP. Карта остаточных магнитных компонентов (Рис. 2.6) показывает такие же общие характеристики, как аэромагнитные карты RTP и карта региональных магнитных компонентов. Тем не менее, он демонстрирует больше информации о типах магнитных пород, их контактах и взаимосвязи, включая разломы, складки и т. д., особенно расположенные близко к поверхности.

Три современных метода были применены для анализа магнитных данных, выполнения структурной интерпретации и изображения рельефа фундамента. Это методы аналитического

сигнала "AS" (Salem, 2002), метод визуализации параметров источника "SPI" (Thurston, Smith, 1997) и 3D метод деконволюции Эйлера (Reid et al, 1990). Эти методы являются эффективными инструментами картографирования магнитных структур.

Анализ методами AS и SPI показал похожие результаты (Рис. 2.8 и 2.9) в частности, в восточной части на обеих картах глубины до фундамента меньше и составляют местами менее 500 м. С другой стороны, в западной части района фундамента залегает глубже, на глубине местами более 5000 м. Центральная южная часть района на обеих картах показывает малые глубины залегания фундамента, в этом районе он местами выходит на поверхность. С другой стороны, глубина залегания становится больше по мере движения на восток, что может свидетельствовать о существовании бассейна. Для определения местоположения и глубины разломов в исследуемой области применялся метод 3D деконволюции Эйлера. Структурный индекс SI = 0 дает лучшие решения, чем структурные индексы 1, 2 и 3 (Рис. 2.10).

2D моделирование было выполнено методом GM-SYS-2D по четырем выбранным профилям, полученным из карты RTP (Рис. 2.12). Данные по скважинам были использованы для контроля глубины до фундамента на этих профилях. Хорошее соответствие между наблюдаемыми и расчетными магнитными кривыми наблюдалось при среднеквадратической ошибке (RMS) менее 4%. Структурно профили показывают, что фундамент наклонен рядом нормальных разломов.

При использовании кода инверсии GM-SYS-3D, предполагаемый контраст магнитной восприимчивости Дк осадочного разреза - фундамента для нескольких инверсионных испытаний постепенно установился между 0,035 и 0,087 SI. Было установлено, что эффективный контраст восприимчивости близок к 0,0628 SI. Глубина до поверхности фундамента по интерпретации магнитных данных через трехмерное моделирование колеблется от 500 м до более чем 4600 м (Рис. 2.18).

Трехмерная глубинная структурная модель создается с использованием сейсмических разрезов и данных по скважинам. Эти данные были собраны и использовались при создании карты глубинных структур для каждой формации в исследуемой области с помощью программного обеспечения Petrel. Данные были загружены для представления в трехмерном виде для построения 3D-глубинной структурной модели в Petrel (Рис. 3.14). Результаты 3D моделирования (Рис. 3.17 и 3.18) показывают, что в пределах исследуемой территории имеется пять участков, которые считаются бассейнами, где глубина до фундамента колеблется от 3000 до 4500 м, в дополнение к существованию мощного осадочного чехла, перекрывающего породы фундамента.

Для каждого слоя были определены литология, обстановка осадконакопления и возраст. Элемент нефтегазоносной системы определяется для каждого слоя как материнская порода,

резервуар и покрышка. Среднее значение TOC и HI для каждого пласта рассчитывается и используется при построении модели нефтегазоносной системы. При моделировании бассейна были определены два основных граничных условия: тепловой поток и температура поверхности раздела вода-осадок (SWIT). Затем, после определения возраста и свойств всех слоев, запускался процесс моделирования с начала осадконакопления самого древнего слоя до настоящего времени.

Полученные с помощью программного обеспечения PetroMod зоны аккумуляции углеводородов генерируются и моделируются в 3D-режиме. Результаты показывают, что Суэцкий залив является сложной многослойной системой. Зоны аккумуляции нефти и газа моделируются в семи коллекторах на исследуемой территории. Предрифтовые резервуары включают формации Нубия B, Нубия A-P1, Нубия A-P2 и Нубия A-P3.

Смоделированные зоны аккумуляции нефти и газа в этих пластах показывают, что общая масса нефти и общий объем газа равны, соответственно, 23,6 млн баррелей и 31815,9 Мм3 в резервуаре Нубия B; 49,85 млн баррелей и 23411,42 Мм3 в резервуаре Нубия A-P3; 235,13 млн баррелей и 27605,9 Мм3 в резервуаре Нубия А-Р2, а также 141,61 млн баррелей и 11175,14 Мм3 в резервуаре Нубия А-Р1.

Синрифтовые формации включают резервуары Нухул, Рудейс и Белаим. Смоделированные зоны аккумуляции нефти и газа в них показывают, что общая масса нефти и общий объем газа равны, соответственно, 1951,72 млн баррелей и 56945,7 Мм3 в резервуаре Нухул; 2449,77 млн баррелей и 315649,55 Мм3 в формации Рудейс и 454,98 млн баррелей и 2708,9 Мм3 в резервуаре Белаим.

На основании проведенного исследования можно предложить следующие основные результаты и рекомендации, полученные в рамках диссертационной работы:

1. Результаты исследования глубин до фундамента в исследуемой зоне на основе методов аналитического сигнала (AS) и визуализации параметров источника (SPI) показали, что глубина колеблется от примерно 600 до более чем 5000 м. По методу 3D деконволюции Эйлера структурный индекс SI = 0 дает лучшие решения, чем структурные индексы 1, 2 и 3.

2. Результат инверсионного кода GM-SYS-3D показал, что глубина до фундамента колеблется от 500 до более чем 4600 м.

3. Результаты работы программного обеспечения PetroMod показали, что на исследуемой территории имеются неоткрытые зоны аккумуляции, смоделированные в пределах исследуемой территории. Эти участки нуждаются в сейсмической разведке 2D и 3D.

4. Смоделированные зоны аккумуляции нефти и газа в этих пластах показывают, что общая масса нефти и общий объем газа равны 23,6 млн баррелей и 31815,9 Мм3 в резервуаре

Нубия В; 49,85 млн баррелей и 23411,42 Мм3 в резервуаре Нубия А-Р3; 235,13 млн баррелей и 27605,9 Мм3 в резервуаре Нубия А-Р2, а также 141,61 млн баррелей и 11175,14 Мм3 в резервуаре Нубия А-Р1, 1951,72 млн баррелей и 56945,7 Мм3 в резервуаре Нухул; 2449,77 млн баррелей и 315649,55 Мм3 в формации Рудейс и 454,98 млн баррелей и 2708,9 Мм3 в резервуаре Белаим.

5. В юго-восточной части района работы не проводились, но по результатам моделирования РейоМ^ существует вероятность существования углеводородов в различных коллекторах.

6. Продолжая бурение скважин к востоку и западу от месторождения Белаим Ленд, можно ожидать более крупные скопления, чем известные в настоящее время.

7. Участки расположения неоткрытых зон аккумуляции углеводородов в каждом пласте требуют более детальной сейсморазведки 2D и 3D для подтверждения наличия углеводородов.

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