Восточносирийская поэзия XIII–XVII веков: пути распространения и эволюции тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 10.01.03, доктор наук Притула Антон Дмитриевич

• Притула Антон Дмитриевич
• доктор наук
• 2021

Оглавление диссертации доктор наук Притула Антон Дмитриевич

Contents

Introduction

General description

Research topic

Relevance of the dissertation

Originality of the research

Methodological basis

Goals and objectives of the study

Theses to be defended

Practical significance

Approbation

History of research

Structure

Chapter 1. The Warda Hymnological Collection

1.1. The Warda collection: the state of research and main publications

1.1.1. General overview of the collection

1.1.2. Publications of the hymns from the Warda collection

1.1.3. Studies on the Warda hymnological collection

1.2. Manuscripts of the Warda Hymnological Collection

1.2.1. Extant manuscripts

1.2.2. Full recension of the Warda collection

1.2.3. Short recension of the Warda collection

1.2.4. Various manuscripts containing hymns ascribed to Warda

1.2.5. The Gazza book and the hymns of the Warda collection

1.3. Onyatha from the collection: poetical peculiarities and liturgical context

1.3.1. Liturgical context and the question of the collection's origin

1.3.2. Cycle of the Rogation of the Ninevites

1.3.3. Authors of the onyatha from the Warda collection and the problem of datings

1.3.4. Echoi and metres

1.3.5. Alternations within the seven-syllable metre

1.3.6. Conclusions of the hymns: author, performer, assembly

1.3.7. Rhyme in the onyatha

1.3.8. Mention of the genre names in hymns

1.3.9. Giwargis Warda: the question of authorship and attribution

1.3.10. Imagery

1.4. Hymns of the Warda collection and the Syriac literary tradition

1.4.1. Onyatha and apocrypha

1.4.1.1. Hymn on the Childhood of Christ

1.4.1.2. Hymn mentioning the names of the Magi

1.4.1.3. Biographical data on the Apostles

1.4.1.4. Legends on John the Baptist in the hymn

1.4.2. Hymns of the Warda collection and Narsai's homilies

1.4.2.1. Hymns on Jonah's mission

1.4.2.2. Hymns and homilies on various calamities

1.4.2.3. Hymn and the homily on the Holy Cross

1.4.2.4. The onitha genre and homilies

1.4.3. Onyatha and historical events: a hymn on Tiflis

1.4.3.1. General composition of the hymn and its place in the text collection

1.4.3.2. The historical context of the hymn

1.4.3.3. An epic aspect of the hymn: transformation of the Muslims into Magians

Chapter 2. Khamis bar Qardahe and East Syriac Poetry of the Ilkhanid Period

2.1. Syriac Poetry of the Ilkhanid Time (late 13th - early 14th centuries): the Birth of the New Style

2.2. Book of Khamis - a Syriac Persionate divan

2.2.1 Khamis bar Qardahe, an East Syriac poet-experimenter: reconsidering traditional poetry forms

2.2.2. Wine poetry

2.2.2.1. Soghitha composed for the Mongol court

2.2.2.2. Soghitha about a spring banquet outdoors

2.2.3. Odes in honor of Bar 'Ebroyo

2.2.3.1. Ode in honor of Bar 'Ebroyo with two acrostics

2.2.3.2. Ode mentioning Bar 'Ebroyo and his brother ("the two Grigorius")

2.2.4. Poem on ringdove: reconsideration of traditional dialogue poetry

2.2.5. Syro-Turkic poem on Divine economy ascribed to Khamis

2.2.5.1. Turkish Garshuni: general overview

2.2.5.2. Syro-Turkic poem: history of the study

2.2.5.3. Poetic features of the Syro-Turkic poem

2.3. Conclusions

Chapter 3. £Abdiso£ of Gazarta and the Development of East Syriac Poetry in the Ottoman Period

3.1. The emergence of the Chaldean tradition: a general overview

3.1.1. Chaldean Church and its manuscript collections

3.1.2. 'Abdiso' of Gazarta, the founder of the Chaldean Church literary tradition: General characteristic of the poetic heritage and the questions of biography

3.2. Manuscripts written by Abdiso' of Gazarta and biographic information they contain

3.2.1. General overview of manuscripts written by 'Abdiso' of Gazarta

3.2.2. Manuscript SMMJ 00116 written by 'Abdiso' Gazarta, and the biographic information it contains

3.2.3. Manuscript DCA 00065 of Metrical Grammar written by 'Abdiso' of Gazarta

3.2.4. Manuscript of Metrical Grammar (CCM 00024) copied by 'Attaya from the Vorlage by 'Abdiso' of Gazarta

3.2.5. Bilingual (Syriac and Arabic) manuscript SMMJ

3.3. Poems by Abdiso' of Gazarta: Literary features and historical context

3.3.1. Poems dedicated to popes of Rome

3.3.1.1. Ode in honor of Pope Paul IV

3.3.1.2. Short poems on popes

3.3.2. Poems by 'Abdiso' on the contemporary poets: Gazarta literary circle

3.3.2.1. Monastic poetry collection (CCM 00398): general characteristic and significance

3.3.2.2. Darwis of Gazarta: priest, poet, scribe - and 'Abdiso's uncle?

3.3.2.3. Abraham of Beth Slokh (Slokhaya) - monastic poet and 'Abdiso's spiritual teacher

3.4. Poems written in Abdiso's hand in short poetic text collections

3.4.1. Poems on reading, writing and studying grammar

3.4.1.1. General overview of the short poems in the manuscript of the Metrical Grammar (DCA 00065)

3.4.1.2. Block A: poems on reading and scribing books

3.4.1.3. Block B: poems ascribed to Bar 'Ebroyo

3.4.2. Poem on exile by 'Abdiso' of Gazarta

3.5. Conclusions

Chapter 4. Poetry as a Part of East Syriac Manuscript Design and Usage in the Ottoman Time

4.1. Scribal poetry in the East Syriac tradition: a general overview

4.1.1. Scribal poetry: the problem of origin and general typology

4.1.2 Individual poetic tastes of the scribes

4.1.3. Poetry and pilgrimage in the Ottoman time

4.2. Poetry incorporated in paratextual manuscript parts

4.2.1. Verse colophons

4.2.2. Quatrains incorporated in colophons

4.2.3. Verse scribal introductions

4.2.4. The five twins: rendering scribal rhetoric in verse

4.2.4.1. General overview

4.2.4.2. Prose versions of the passage

4.2.4.3. Poetic versions of the passage

4.2.5. Verse curses addressed to manuscript thieves

4.3. Poetry embedded in the East Syriac manuscript decoration

4.3.1. General overview and methodological features of the study

4.3.2. Poems embedded in decorative compositions in the 16th century: Gospel lectionaries written by 'Attaya

4.3.3. Textual variation in 'Attaya's "decorative" poems

4.3.4. Problems of authorship, origin and evolution

4.3.5. Further development of "decorative" poetry in the 17th—18th centuries

4.3.5.1. Evolution of "decorative" poetry in the Gospel lectionaries

4.3.5.2. Manuscript of the Gazza (QACCT 00035) with "decorative" poetry

4.3.5.3. Poetry in the decorative borders of the Hudra manuscripts

4.4. Poetry as a reflection of ^urch community life: poetic notes written by readers, manuscript donators and pilgrims

4.4.1. Pilgrim poems by 'Abdiso' of Athel: Jerusalem, 1644 CE

4.4.1.1. 'Abdiso', bishop of Athel - pilgrim and poet

4.4.1.2. Stanzas on exile (SMMJ 159)

4.4.2. Verse pilgrim note by Hermez and Talya of Hakhmiya:

Jerusalem, 1654/5 CE

4.4.3. Short poems by Talya of Qurana (?): Monastery of Jacob the Recluse

4.4.3.1. Priest Talya: biographic information based on poems and notes (DCA 00065)

4.4.3.2. A dormitory madrasa by Talya: the development of the form

in the Ottoman time

4.4.3.3. Quatrains by Talya: exploiting Syriac Renaissance multilingual

models for the Ottoman modernity

4.5. Conclusions

Conclusion

Appendices

Appendix 1. Contents of the Warda collection: comparative tables

Appendix 1.1. Hymns attributed to Giwargis Warda

Appendix 1.2 Anonymous hymns

Appendix 1.3. Hymns attributed to various authors

Appendix 1.4. Supplement to the Warda collection

Appendix 2. East Syriac poetry of the Ilkhanid period: texts and translation

Appendix 2.1. Poems by Bar 'Ebroyo

Appendix 2.2. Poems by Khamis

Appendix 2.2.2. Wine poetry

Appendix 2.2.2.1. Soghitha composed for the Mongol court

Appendix 2.2.2.2. Soghitha by Khamis about a spring banquet outdoors

Appendix 2.2.3. Odes in honor of Bar 'Ebroyo

Appendix 2.2.3.1. Ode in honor of Bar 'Ebroyo with two acrostics

Appendix 2.2.3.2. Ode mentioning Bar 'Ebroyo and his brother

("the two Grigorius")

Appendix 2.2.4. Poem on ringdove

Appendix 2.2.5. Syro-Turkic poem on divine economy ascribed to Khamis

Appendix 3. Poems by Abdiso' of Gazarta and his contemporaries: texts and translation

Appendix 3.1. Poetic colophons by 'Abdiso' of Gazarta

Appendix 3.1.1. Poetic colophon in SMMJ

Appendix 3.1.2. Poetic colophon in SMMJ

Appendix 3.2 Poems on popes of Rome by 'Abdiso' of Gazarta

Appendix 3.2.1. Ode dedicated to Paul IV

Appendix 3.2.2. Short poems on popes by 'Abdiso' of Gazarta

Appendix 3.3. Poems by the poets of the Gazarta circle of the Ottoman time

Appendix 3.3.1. Introduction of the oriitha by Darwis of Gazarta

Appendix 3.3.2. Poem on Darwis by 'Abdiso' of Gazarta

Appendix 3.3.3. Poems by Abraham Slokhaya

Appendix 3.3.4. Poem by 'Abdiso' of Gazarta, on the death of Abraham Slokhaya

Appendix 3.4. Poems in the autographs of 'Abdiso' of Gazarta

Appendix 3.4.1. Poem on exile

Appendix 3.4.2. Poems on writing and reading (DCA 00065).....Ошибка! Закладка не

определена.

Appendix 4. Scribal poetry: texts and translation

Appendix 4.1. Scribal quatrains from poetic anthologies

Appendix 4.2. Scribal poetry in the paratextual manuscript parts

Appendix 4.2.1. Poems by 'Attaya of Gazarta in the manuscript introductions and colophons

Appendix 4.2.2. Verse scribal introduction to the Hudra and Gazza

Appendix 4.2.3. Scribal quatrains using the 'five twins' topos

Appendix 4.2.4. Verse curses written by Hormiz, son of 'Abd al-Ahad

Appendix 4.3. Scribal poems embedded in the manuscript decoration

Appendix 4.3.1. Scribal quatrains written by 'Attaya embedded in the decoration

Appendix 4.3.2. Scribal quatrains embedded in the decoration written by later scribes

Appendix 4.4. Pilgrim poetry

Appendix 4.4.1. Stanzas on exile by 'Abdiso' of Athel

Appendix 4.4.2. Poetic pilgrim note by Hermez and Talya of Hakhmiya

Appendix 4.4.3. Poems on the death of the priest Talya

Appendix 4.4.4. Madrasa by Talya

Appendix 4.4.5. Quatrains by Talya

Illustrations

References

Abbreviations

Manuscripts

Publications

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Восточносирийская поэзия XIII–XVII веков: пути распространения и эволюции»

Introduction General description

The focus of this study is East Syriac poetry produced by Christian communities in the Middle East between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries. During this period, contacts between Christian communities of the Middle East and traditions of other religious and ethnic groups were very intense, which considerably enriched church literature (including Syriac) both in terms of content and poetic technique. Many historical events contributed to it: the conquest of the Near and Middle East by the Mongols in the thirteenth century, the conquest of these territories by the Ottoman Turks in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, and the establishment of contacts between Eastern Syriac communities and the Vatican in the mid-sixteenth century.

During this period, Christian communities already constituted a religious minority in the Muslim milieu, and the literary tradition in Classical Syriac (an eastern dialect of Aramaic) was markedly influenced by it. For this reason, until recently, scholars have neglected late Syriac poetry, apparently considering it secondary, in view of its very strong differences from the Syriac poetry of the classical period (4th -7th centuries).

Recent publications have demonstrated the fallacy of such an assessment of this material, which turned out to be very original and distinctive, and at the same time, an extreme insufficiency of its study became obvious. The author of this dissertation belongs to a scholarly direction, which believes that the poetry of this era is an important and promising material for the research.

Research topic

Various aspects of the development and circulation of East Syriac poetry in the 13 th-17th centuries are the main theme of this study. Each of the thematic chapters is devoted to the consideration of this problem on the material of different text-groups created in a particular historical era and transmitted during the following centuries. A significant place in the work is occupied by identifying the historical

context of the composition of the works in question, as well as determining the role of poetry in the cultural and religious life of Eastern Syriac communities. One of the key aspects of the study is the interaction of the Syriac literature with the Muslim poetic tradition in the 13th -17th centuries.

East Syriac poetry is understood here as poetry in classical Syriac written by representatives of the Church of the East ('Nestorian', localized mainly in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia, and China),1 as well as poetic works composed within the Chaldean Church community (East Syriac Uniate Church), which was formed from the dioceses separated from the Church of the East after the Schism of 1552. As the study shows, the two communities were in close cultural interaction despite confessional and institutional opposition. The study covers mainly medium and small poetic forms, for which the evolution and influence of contiguous traditions can be observed to the greatest extent. Moreover, most of these forms emerged in the Syriac poetic tradition precisely during the period in question. The chronological framework chosen for the study is not coincidental: this is the time-period in which the main stages in the evolution of East Syriac poetry can be traced.

The groups of texts analyzed in this research refer mainly to two periods of Middle Eastern history: Mongolian (second half of 13th century - beginning of 13th century) and Ottoman (16th-17th centuries). This is largely due to the history of Eastern Syriac communities, when two periods of heyday, the "Syriac Renaissance" (11th-14th centuries) and the early Ottoman era (16th-17th centuries), were separated by more than a century of decline in manuscript tradition and books, following the devastation caused by the invasion of Timur (late 14th century) and other historical cataclysms.

Relevance of the dissertation

1 On its history and theological features see Baum, Winkler 2000; Селезнев 2001; Селезнев 2002.

The dissertation is relevant, because it is the first and only monographic study of the evolution of Syriac poetic forms in a Muslim environment. Syriac poetry of the late period has been little studied; the use of manuscripts from numerous Middle Eastern collections, previously inaccessible to researchers, seems particularly relevant. In general, the texts studied in this work represent an important group of sources on the history of cultural interaction of Christian communities in the Middle East with other religious and cultural traditions.

Originality of the research

The originality of the research can be characterized by the following main parameters:

- The work contains dozens of previously unstudied and unpublished texts, which are presented here in the original with a critical apparatus and in translation.

- These texts are for the first time brought into scholarly circulation, their poetic features and the historical context of their creation are investigated.

- The main directions and milestones of the evolution of East Syriac poetry in the 13 th-17th centuries have been determined for the first time.

It may be noted that the most innovative in this dissertation is Chapter 1, which for the first time analyses in detail the Warda book - a unique hymnographic collection, and Chapter 4 that discusses the role of Eastern Syriac poetry in the design and manuscript circulation, basing on previously unstudied material.

Methodological basis

The methodological basis of the dissertation is constituted by philological research methods: at the level of edition - palaeography and codicology (identification of manuscripts, their dating and attribution based on the analysis of writing and technological features of the manuscript), textual analysis (reconstruction of the history of the text, establishment of its editions, forms of circulation); as regards work studies - literary analysis (determining the poetic characteristics of texts, identifying the main features of individual style of

different authors), comparative and historical analysis (comparing texts in diachronic sense, identifying the main stages in the evolution of poetic forms and features of artistic style in each era), linguistic analysis (mainly in works that use unusual vocabulary, such as characteristic groups of borrowings). Along with philological methods, based on an integrated toolkit, a historical approach (defining historical and cultural context) and elements of art-historical analysis (attributing works of art based on their visual features) are applied, mainly in the section devoted to poems embedded in manuscript decorative compositions. In his research, the author of the thesis has made extensive use of the digitized Middle Eastern manuscript collections available on the vHMML website since 2017. This resource made the writing of this dissertation possible by giving its author access to many previously unknown texts. It is particularly relevant for the study of short poems, which are often located between the main works, on the flyleaves, or the 'paratextual' parts of the manuscript (scribal introduction, colophon and flyleaves) and are not covered by cataloguing. A walk-through of the manuscripts in all available collections is therefore necessary to identify them. This operation also gives the researcher an idea, albeit preliminary, of statistical patterns of distribution and evolution of certain verse texts, their correlation with certain types of manuscripts. Previously, this view could not be drawn from the Syriac manuscript collections in Europe and the United States due to the random selection and comparative paucity compared to the total manuscript production in the Middle East.

Goals and objectives of the study

The initial objective of the study was to introduce into scientific circulation numerous previously unknown East Syriac poetic texts of the 13th -17th centuries through critical editions with translations. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to address textual issues associated with these pieces, to reconstruct their textual history, the history of their use, to identify the main recensions of the works.

The search for solutions to these problems made it possible for the author to set more general goals and objectives, associated with the history of poetic forms and defining the historical context that influenced the complex literary processes. The tasks defined by the research objectives can be formulated as follows:

- Identifying the corpus of the works under consideration, to determine the main recensions of the poetic texts and the types of collections and anthologies in which they occur.

- Analyzing the poetic features of the texts under consideration, characterizing the main verse forms of the 13th -17th centuries.

- Revealing the historical context in which poetic works were created (events of political history, biographical features of poets and figures who are the subject of poems).

- Restoring the chronology of the main milestones in the evolution of poetic forms, their dissemination, and the role of each of the poets in this process.

- To establish links and relationships between the East Syriac poetic texts under consideration and the poetic tradition of the Muslim milieu (Arabic and Persian).

More briefly, the objectives of the study can be formulated as follows: a) identifying the corpus of texts; b) analyzing their features and ways of distribution; c) identifying the main stages of their evolution; d) establishing the reasons (historical and cultural) that influenced this process.

Theses to be defended

- The Warda hymnological collection is a multi-layered literary work, which took shape over several centuries. Presumably, at least three main stages can be distinguished: 1) the composition of a small number of hymns attributed to Gïwargïs Warda (probably first half of the 13th century); 2) the compilation of a hymnological collection for the entire liturgical year by adding new hymns; 3) the addition to the main body of the collection of

supplement of hymns dedicated to martyrs, founders of monasteries in Mesopotamia and Catholicoi of the Church of the East.

- The capture of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258 and the establishment of the new Ilkhan (Hulaguid) dynasty, which was sympathetic to Christian communities, led to a change in poetry, introducing new themes and forms and experimenting with rhythm and rhyme. The structurally complex and innovative works continued to bear the names of traditional Syriac poetic forms, which have undergone a reinterpretation.

- The quatrain form became widespread in Syriac literature in the mid-13th century under the influence of Persian poetry. At the same time, the poetic stanza consisting of four lines was the most popular as early as in Syriac extensive strophic poetry of pre-Islamic times. Hence the term tar a came to be understood both as a quatrain and as a stanza of a larger poetic work. Later on, this seems to have contributed to the wide spread in the Syriac poetic tradition of small thematic quatrain collections related to each other in content.

- A distinctive feature of East Syriac poetry from the 13 th century onwards was the fact that its main authors were priests, church hierarchs, and, at the same time, authoritative copyists of Church books. This determined the development of poetry for several centuries: copying of books and the work of the calligrapher became one of central themes of the poetic texts.

- For the above reason, author's poetry collections are not widespread, unlike in the Persian and Arabic traditions. Poetic hymns, which have gained popularity from the 13 th century onwards, are usually grouped in collections organised according to the church calendar; they often include texts by more than one author.

- Copying church books and developing the canon for their design, church hierarchs and priests, being poets, introduced verse passages in the

paratextual parts of liturgical books: scribal introductions, colophons and notes.

- The main form of scribal poetry was quatrains, or small strophic verses, consisting of quatrains. According to extant manuscripts and indirect data, it can be observed that in Ottoman period, Syriac scribes imitated the works of church-poets and calligraphers from the late 13th - early 14th centuries.

- East Syriac scribes of the Ottoman period expanded the use of poetic texts in the manuscript decoration. Innovations at this stage in the development of Syriac scribes appear to include quatrains incorporated into miniatures and decorative borders. They usually represent a request to pray for the scribe or the customers of the manuscript.

- It is possible to distinguish two stages in the development of the tradition of embedding scribal "decorative" quatrains: 1) their introduction into miniatures of illuminated manuscripts of Gospel lectionaries (16th cent.); 2) the intrusion of scribal quatrains into decorative geometric borders of other, more modestly decorated liturgical books, such as Gazza and Hudra (17th-18th cent.).

Practical significance

The dissertation considerably enriches our knowledge of the literary and cultural life of Christian communities in the Middle East, and their interaction with the surrounding Muslim communities (Arabic, Persian, Turkish) over several centuries. The practical relevance of the dissertation as a didactic textbook on the history of Syriac literature and Middle Eastern literatures in general is also very important. Particularly valuable are the appendices, which contain and introduce into scholarly circulation dozens of previously unknown literary pieces. These texts can be used for the future Syriac courses and at the seminars on the Syriac poetry.

Approbation

The results of the current research have been presented at international conferences and symposia, such as the World Congress of Syriac Studies (Symposium Syriacum), the German Congress of Syriac Studies, the American Congress of Syriac Studies, the American Medieval Studies Congress and numerous conferences at St. Petersburg State University, the State Hermitage Museum, the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other Russian and foreign academic institutions. The author has also given lectures presenting the main points of the study at scientific seminars 'Cultures of the East' held at Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies HSE University, as well as at the University of Venice, University of Pisa, Saint John's University (Minnesota) and Assyrian Cultural Heritage Society (Chicago).

The Warda: An Eastern Syriac Hymnological Collection (see the list below), published by the author in 2015 on the subject of this study, has become over the past five years a frequently cited reference-book not only on Syriac hymnography, but also on the history of Syriac literature in general. Its scholarship and critical commentaries on the texts have been used in the teaching of Syriac language and literature courses in various universities around the world. The book has been favorably reviewed by Robert Kitchen2 and Cragg Morrison.3 The author has also published numerous articles on the topic of this thesis in international and national journals, including those indexed in WoS and Scopus. The points outlined in these publications have found support in the works of specialists in the history of Syriac literature. In particular, the main textual and literary conclusions contained in the author's publications on the topic of this research have been taken into account in recently published reference works The Syriac World4 and Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage,5 as

2 Kitchen, R., [Review of: Pritula. A., The Warda ...] // Review of Biblical Literature, August 2017.

3 Morrison, C., [Review of: Pritula. A., The Warda ...] // Bibliotheca Orientalis, LXXVII N° 3-4 (2020), p. 363366.

4 The Syriac World 2019, p. 332, 703, 704.

5 Mengozzi 2011, p. 177.

well as in the latest revised edition of the History of Yahbalaha and Rabban Sawma by Pier-Giorgio Borbone, 2020.6

Список литературы диссертационного исследования доктор наук Притула Антон Дмитриевич, 2021 год

Publications

Abramowski 1991

Abramowski L. Dadisho Qatraya and His Commentary on the Book of the Abbas Isaiah // The Harp. 1991. N 4. P. 67-83.

Aprem 1983

ApremM. Syriac Manuscripts in Trichur // OCA. 1983. N 221. P. 96-118. Asmussen 1973

Asmussen J. P. A Judeo-Persian Precedence-Dispute Poem and Some Thoughts on the History of the Genre // Asmussen J. Studies in Judeo-Persian Literature. Leiden, 1973. P. 32-59.

Assemani 1625-1628

Assemani J. S. Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementina Vaticana. De scriptoribus Syris Nestorianis. Rome, 1625-1628. Vol. 3.

Badger 1852

Badger G. P. The Nestorians and their Rituals. London, 1852. Vol. 2. Balicka-Witakowska 1998

Balicka-Witakowska E. Remarks on the Decoration and Iconography of the Syriac Gospels, British Library, Add. 7174 // Symposium Syriacum VII, Uppsala Univ. 11-14 August 1996. Rome, 1998. P. 641-659.

Bar Hebraeus 2016

Bar Hebraeus G., Khamis bar Qardahe. On Divine Wisdom. A Facsimile Edition from the George A. Kiraz Manuscript Collection. Piscataway, NJ, 2016.

Barotto et al. 2011

Barotto A., Riberi P., VolpicelliM., Mengozzi A. La verita visibile nella natura e nella scrittura. Sul baco da seta di Khamis Bar Qardahe (fine del XIII secolo) // Kervan - Rivista Internazionale di studii afroasiatici. 2011. N 13/14. P. 47-55.

Baskins 2013

Baskins C. Popes, patriarchs, and print: representing Chaldeans in Renaissance Rome // Renaissance Studies. 2013. Vol. 28. N 3. P. 405-425.

Baum 2012

Baum W. Die Mongolen und das Christentum // Caucasus in the Mongol Period - Der Kaukasus in der Mongolenzeit / Hrsg. von J. Tubach, S. Vashalomidze, M. Zimmer. Wiesbaden, 2012, S. 13-53.

Baum, Winkler 2000

Baum, Wilhelm, Winkler, Ditmar. Die Apostolische Kirche des Ostens. Geschichte der sogenannter Nestorianer. Klagenfurt, 2000.

Baumstark 1904

Baumstark A. Review of Hilgenfeld H.

r^aio ioix a r^Wio^

Ausgewählte Gesänge des Giwargis Warda von Arbel. Herausgegeben mit Übersetzung, Einleitung und Erklärung (Leipzig, 1904) // OC. 1904. N 4. S. 204-209.

Baumstark 1911a

BaumstarkA. Zwei syrische Weihnachtslieder // OC. 1911. N 1. S. 193-203. Baumstark 1911b

Baumstark A. Geschichte der christlichen Literaturen des Orients. Bd. I : Das christlicharamäische und das koptische Schrifttum. Leipzig, 1911.

Baumstark 1911c

Baumstark A. Ein apocryphes Herrenleben in mesopotamischen Federzeichungen vom Jahre 1299 // OC. 1911. N 1. S. 249-271.

Baumstark 1922

BaumstarkA. Geschichte der syrischen Literatur mit Ausschluß der christlich-palästinensischen Texte. Bonn, 1922.

Beck 1955

Des Heiligen Ephraem des Syrers Hymnen de Fide / Hrsg. E. Beck. Louvain, 1955. (CSCO. Vol. 154. Scriptores syri. 73).

Beck 1959

Des Heiligen Ephraem des Syrers Hymnen de Nativitate (Epiphania) / Hrsg. E. Beck. Louvain, 1959. (CSCO. Vol. 186. Scriptores syri. 82).

Bedjan 1890

Ktäbä d-maktbänüt zabne d-sim lmär Gngöriyös Bar 'Ebräyä. Gregorii Barhebrai Chronicon Syriacum e codd. mss. emendatum ac punctis vocalibus adnotationibusque locupletatum / ed. P. Bedjan. Paris, 1890.

Bernabo e altri 2017

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