Влияние органических и биологических мелиорантов на свойства засоленных почв Египта тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 00.00.00, кандидат наук Котат Мохамед Хафез Абдель Фаттах Мохамед

• Котат Мохамед Хафез Абдель Фаттах Мохамед
• кандидат наук
• 2022

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Котат Мохамед Хафез Абдель Фаттах Мохамед

Table of contents

Introduction

Chapter 1. New ways to soil reclamation in arid regions of Egypt

1.1. Saline-sodic soil properties in arid regions

1.2. Calcareous soil properties in arid regions

1.3. Characterization of soil ameliorants that are applicable in arid soils

1.3.1. Spent grain

1.3.2. Spent grain vermicomposting

1.3.2.a. Vermicomposting technology

1.3.2.b. History of vermicomposting

1.3.3. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

1.3.3.a. The mechanisms of nitrogen fixation by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

1.3.3.b. The use of PGPR to protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses

1.3.4. Using of humic substances as natural organic amendments to soils and plants

1.4. Biological correction of the plant-soil system by bio-organic ameliorants

1.4.1. Influence of organic and biological ameliorants on soil chemical properties

1.4.2. Influence of organic and biological ameliorants on soil biological properties

Chapter 2. Materials & methods

2.1. Study site information and soil characterization

2.2. Organic and biological ameliorants (description and preparations)

2.2.1. Bio-fertilizers preparation and seeds inoculation

2.2.2. The preparation of vermicompost from spent grain organic wastes

2.2.3. The humic substances extraction and preparation from vermicompost

2.2.4. Preparation of trace elements solutions

2.3. Experimental types and application rates

2.3.a. Laboratory experiment

2.3.b. Greenhouse experiments

2.4. Soil sampling

2.4.1. Soil physicochemical and chemical analyses

2.4.2. Biological analysis

2.5. Plant sampling and analytical determinations

2.5.1. Corn in greenhouse experiment

2.5.2. Wheat in field experiment

2.5.3. Calculation of seeds germination parameters

2.6. Water use efficiency

2.7. Statistical analyses

Chapter 3. The incubation experiment of saline-sodic soil with spent grain under laboratory conditions

3.1. Changes in the physicochemical properties during the soil incubation period

3.1.1. Changes in soil pH values

3.1.2. Exchangeable sodium percentage

3.1.3. Exchangeable sodium and electrical conductivity

3.1.4. Changes of cation exchange capacity

3.2. Changes in the soil biological parameters during the soil incubation period

3.2.1. Dehydrogenase and urease activities

3.3. Changes in soil fertility indicators during the incubation period

3.3.1. Changes in the total nitrogen content

3.3.2. Changes in available phosphorus and potassium contents

3.3.3. Changes in total organic carbon content

3.3.4. Changes in the soil micronutrients contents

3.4. Conclusion

Chapter 4. The vegetation experiment in saline-sodic soil under greenhouse conditions

4.1. Influence of soil ameliorants on the soil leachate properties under greenhouse experiment

4.1.1. Changes in the pH values of soil leachates

4.1.2. Changes in EC concentrations of soil leachates

4.1.3. Changes in nitrate and ammonium (NO3" and NH4+) ions concentrations of soil leachates

4.1.4. Change in soluble sodium ions concentration of soil leachates

4.1.5. Changes in the chloride ions concentration of soil leachates

4.1.6. Changes in calcium and potassium ions concentration of soil leachates

4.2. Influence of organic and biological ameliorants on soil properties and maize parameters after three months of soil amendments

4.2.1. Influence of organic and biological ameliorants on the physicochemical properties of soils

4.2.2. Influence of organic and biological ameliorants on the soil fertility indicators after three months of plant growth in greenhouse

4.2.3. Influence of agro-ameliorants amendments on germination and corn plant growth parameters under greenhouse experiment

4.2.4. Influence of different agro-ameliorants on maize yield parameters under greenhouse experiment

4.3. Conclusion

Chapter 5. The incubation experiment of calcareous soil under laboratory conditions

5.1. Effect of organic and biological ameliorants on soil chemical properties after 10 and 21 weeks of

calcareous soil incubation

5.1.1. Effect of organic and bio-organic ameliorants on soil total nitrogen

5.1.2. Effect of organic and biological ameliorants on soil available phosphorus

5.1.3. Effect of organic and biological ameliorants on soil organic carbon

5.1.4. Effect of organic biological ameliorants on C/N ratio in soil

5.1.5. Effect of organic and biological ameliorants on soil N/P ratio in soil

5.1.6. Effect of organic and biological ameliorants on micronutrients

5.2. Changes in dehydrogenase and urease activities after 10 and 21 weeks of calcareous soil incubation

5.3. Effect of organic and biological ameliorants on corn germination parameters after 21 days of seeds sowing in calcareous soil

5.3.1. Final germination percentage (FGP) and germination index (GI)

5.3.2. Coefficient of the velocity of germination (CVG)

5.4. Conclusion

Chapter 6. The vegetation experiment in calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions

6.1. Effect of soil organic and biological amendments on soil leachate properties during the vegetation experiment

6.1.1. Changes in nitrate and ammonium ions concentrations of soil leachates

6.1.2. Changes in chloride and sodium ions concentrations in soil leachates

6.1.3. Changes in calcium and potassium ions concentrations in soil leachates

6.2. Influence of different fertilizers and ameliorants on chemical properties after 120 days of soil seeds sowing in greenhouse

6.2.1. Changes in total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in soil

6.2.2. Changes in n soluble cations calcium potassium, magnesium, and sodium

6.3. Influence of different fertilizers and ameliorants on total nitrogen and total phosphorus in corn plants after 120-days of seeds sowing in calcareous soil

6.4. Influence of different fertilizers and ameliorants on plant growth and yield parameters for corn plants

6.4.1. Changes in fresh and dry weight, ear weight, and weight of 100-grains

6.4.2. Changes in plant height, cob length, cob width, number of cobs, and grain yield

6.4.3. Changes in biological yield for corn plants

6.5. Conclusions

Chapter 7. Influence of different fertilizers and ameliorants on chemical properties of calcareous soil and plant

biometric parameters under growing wheat plants in the field experiment conditions

7.1. Influence of different fertilizers and ameliorants on soil fertility and chemical properties of calcareous soil after three and six months of wheat seeds sowing

7.1.1. Changes in soil organic carbon content

7.1.2. Changes in available phosphorus and available potassium contents in soil

7.1.3. Changes in pH value and ionic composition of calcareous soil

7.1.4. Changes in available micronutrients after three and six months of wheat seeds

sowing

7.2. Influence of agro-ameliorants measures on wheat performance and yield

7.2.1. Changes in grain yield and water use efficiency

7.2.2. Changes in biometric indicators of wheat productivity

7.3. Influence of agro-ameliorants on growth parameters of wheat plants after three months of seeds sowing

7.4. Conclusion

Final conclusion

List of Figures

List of Tables

Acknowledgements

References

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Влияние органических и биологических мелиорантов на свойства засоленных почв Египта»

Introduction

The relevance of the research topic:

Globally, there is enough quality land to feed a population nearly double the current population. However, the African population is already experiencing an acute shortage of fertile agricultural land, and it is already on the brink of food shortages. By 2030, Africa's population will reach 1.6 billion, with food insecurity increasing based on existing land resources [1]. The world population is expected to increase by 9.7 billion in 2050 also requires increased food production [1-2].

The degradation of arable soils leads to a steady decline in crop productivity. The vast territories of Egypt are characterized by the presence of soils that are classified as the worst due to the lack of organic matter and phytonutrients. It has been degraded due to salinization and erosion, theses the leading causes of land degradation [3]. On the other hand, the abuse of forest resources and rangelands has caused severe disturbances in natural ecosystems leading to loss of biodiversity and top fertile soil [4]. Globally, about 15 % of the total arable lands have been degraded by salinization and erosion [1].

Arabic Republic of Egypt (ARE) spreads over 100 thousand hectares; however, only about 4 % of this area supports 110 million. The country is the three most prominent nation in Africa in terms of population. According to projections, the present population growth will be 135 million in 2030, and different commodities' requirements will be doubled. The annual growth rate of 2.6 % forces the country's natural resources [5]. Land is the primary non-renewable resource and faces the most significant threat of degradation. Land resources of the country are degrading at an alarming rate and causing environmental problems. Almost 90 % of the country's total area falls under arid and semiarid regions [6].

The soil degradation of arid and semi-arid regions reduces soil productivity. There are many stresses experienced by a land resource system and its soils [6-8]. However, there are frequently one or two major stresses that prevent land use for most agricultural purposes. The causes of stressed systems are numerous, including salinity, alkalization, destruction of soil structure, wind speed, water erosion, and organic matter loss. The regions of the world joining result in such degradation that the term "desertification" is popularly used. In the semi-arid and arid parts of the region, there are expanses of saline and alkaline soils. However, salinity induced by irrigation is also consuming large areas of land in the semi-arid regions. In addition to moisture availability, salinity is a major problem of the semi-arid tropics [8].

The Egyptian soils exhibit poor aggregate stability and are low in micro and macronutrients contents, also are deficient in the organic matter [1,9]. Organic matter is regarded as a critical parameter of soil-plant productivity, i.e., it makes its most generous contribution to soil-plant productivity. It has many essential roles in soils, both in their physical structure and as a medium for biological activity. It provides nutrients to the soil, improves its water holding capacity, and helps the soil maintain good tilth and better aeration for germinating seeds and soil-plant root development

14,10].

Chemical fertilizers have been used to increase agriculture crop yield for decades. However, current agricultural trends focus on searching for alternatives to chemical fertilizers due to huge procurement costs, environmental contamination, and even improper application leading to land degradation [11]. Also, the world demands food production with high quality and maintaining soil biodiversity most sustainably. Besides, food produced premium organic fetch prices in the global market.

Bio-fertilizer (microbial inoculants) and organic alterations are cheap nutrient sources that could alternative chemical fertilizers and improve crop production in low-input agriculture. Organic alterations are applied, soil organic carbon increases, and microbial activity stimulates nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the soil. On the other hand, soil microorganisms play a vital role in recycling and providing nutrients for plant growth. Their population and activities may reflect not only soil quality but also soil environmental conditions [12]. They are involved in interactions with plant roots, either symbiotically or as free-living, improving the absorption of plant nutrients, bolstering crop production, and improving soil healthy [13-15].

The emerging trend of soil degradation due to a decrease in organic matter content in the soil and intensification erosion processes are the main reasons for soil pollution. A brand new agro-biotechnological approach is needed for solving the problem of soil fertility and degradation recovery. However, soil improvement and reproduction of its fertility against the background of creating a deficit-free balance of organic matter is impossible without the widespread use of organic fertilizers. Volumes of the annual output of organic fertilizers in ARE (less than 18 million tons), quality, and traditional technology of their application cannot meet the increased agricultural needs and production in Egypt, comprising at least 34.2 million tons [1].

The organic waste available in rural and urban communities can be utilized by applying composting technology to produce organic fertilizers that reduce the contribution of chemical fertilizers to protect our environment [16].

The biological system in Egypt has not been widely spread and developed due to the lack of the necessary quantity and qualitative composition of organic fertilizers, which urgently requires a change

in their application. The most critical problems facing agricultural production are preventing further environmental pollution and restoring the functioning of the soil-plant system. The use of resource-saving and environmentally friendly technologies will allow, on the one hand, to minimize the use of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products and, on the other hand, to obtain environmentally safe food suitable for children and dietary nutrition.

Biological agriculture relies on advanced biotechnologies, mainly dependent on organic wastes with nitrogen fixation bacteria and solutions of humic substances preparations in crop production. Therefore, the introduction of biological farming methods into crop production is another very relevant direction. This is achieved using advanced biotechnology based on the production and use of brewer's spent grain organic wastes and mixed with a new generation of bio-conversion by Az. brasilense and earthworms as bio-organic ameliorants for saline calcareous soils. It is mainly related to the research topic.

The degree of scientific development of the selected topic

Currently, the crop production of Egypt, despite the lack of sufficient manure. Organic wastes from the food industry mixed with biofertilizers are not commonly used as organic fertilizer. The organic and biological amendments technologies are a perfect alternative/supplement for increasing the soil organic matter content and plant growth in advanced countries. But in Egypt, this excellent alternative source has not been applied so far. However, a considerable amount of spent grain is wasted/burnt every day. If this material is piled at the farm level, composted, and added into the soil, the fertility status can be improved, and crop yield can significantly be increased. Therefore, several promising ameliorants systems in Egypt are poorly developed for soil reclamation. So, we used four directions to develop and produce materials from spent grain organic wastes and Az. brasilense to enhance soil-plant productivity and fertility in Egypt:

The first direction is using industry organic wastes as soil ameliorants. Such as spent grain is a byproduct of the beer industry is the pulp remaining after cooking and removing the barley wort, contains particles of kernels and grain shells, and is a relatively inexpensive product. Spent grain is acidic (pH 3.8-4.2), rich in organic acids and most plant nutrients. Additionally, contain on some plant growth promoters are free of heavy metals and other toxic residues [17,18]. Spent grain, ameliorant for calcareous soil properties in Egypt, began to be used in agriculture recently [19]. The use of spent grain enhances seeds germination and increases soil productivity. Organic additives from the beryl industry residues have been used, these wastes are cheap, and their accumulation causes some environmental problems [20,21]. Spent grain has a negative ecological quality value due to its industrial waste

collection. It has recently been used as environmental-friendly organic fertilizers in the soil and the composting of agricultural biomass to improve the soil's physical and chemical properties [10,19-22]. Increase the number of phytonutrients in the root layer, create a good looseness of the arable layer for plants, and promote soil microorganisms and fungi beneficial for plants [23-25].

The second direction in our research work in Egypt is vermicompost production from spent grain by earthworms. At the same time, vermicomposting in Egypt is entirely undeveloped. The vermicomposting process composted organic materials through earthworms, associated prokaryotes, fungi, and microscopic invertebrates [26-29]. The vermicompost materials are used as organic ameliorants, dark brown or black, naturally granular, and deodorized organo-mineral mass. Structural vermicompost elements are coprolites, consist of a well-humified suitable type of humus. In addition, vermicompost is characterized by high biological activity [30,31]. [32] found that the action of earthworms contributes to the development of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. The vermicompost from organic wastes can be a perfect organic amendment in saline agriculture and the reclamation of salt-affected soils [33-35].

The third direction is humic substances solutions isolated from vermicompost based on spent grain. The use of humic substances solutions on crop production, especially enriched with compounds of essential trace elements, is the most effective and economically justified method of influencing the production process of crops [36,37].

The last direction is the mixing of the HS with Az. brasilense nitrogen-fixation bacteria. The injection of soil and crops with bacterial preparations brought more attention from scientists and farmers. Studies of nitrogen-fixation bacteria have been recently attracted, particularly Az. brasilense and Az. lipoferum, belonging to the Azotobacteriaceae family. These bacteria have a beneficial effect on different plants in different arid regions. The genus Spirillum was first described by M.V. Beyerink in 1925 and decades later was reclassified as Az. brasilense due to the ability of its representatives to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2), discovered and described by the group of Dr. Johanna Debereiner from Brazil in the 70s of the 20th century [38,39].

Application of bio-organic fertilizers such as Az. brasilense is one of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), with spent grain that can reduce the need for mineral fertilizers and improve soil enzyme activities, nitrogen, and phosphorus fixation in calcareous soil [7,12,37,40-44]. In this regard, the study of the influence of Az. brasilense on the plant production process and the introduction of this bacterial culture into agricultural production in the arid climate of Egypt is very timely.

The research objects are spent grain, compost, and vermicompost, Az. brasilense, humic substances extracted from vermicompost and enriched with essential trace elements, saline-sodic and calcareous soils.

The subject of the study is to study the effect of spent grain, compost, vermicompost isolated from spent grain, Az. brasilens, and solution of humic substances containing essential trace elements on the corn and wheat crop yields, enhance of chemical and biological properties of saline-sodic and calcareous soils, determination of nitrate, ammonium, and chloride ions levels in soil leachates.

The aims of this work:

To evaluate the effectiveness of using compost and vermicompost obtained from spent grain, deferent solutions of humic substances, and Az. brasilense on corn and wheat crop yields and properties of saline-sodic and calcareous soils. In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were formulated:

1. To identify the influence of vermicompost on the agrochemical properties of saline-sodic and calcareous soils;

2. To characterize the vermicompost as a soil organic ameliorant intended for the reclamation of saline-sodic and calcareous soils;

3. To evaluate the effect of humic substances solutions extracted from vermicompost on the growth parameters and productivity of wheat plants;

4. To identify the influence of Az. brasilense on plant tolerance of toxic ions to enhance germination and plant growth of corn in saline-sodic soil;

5. To identify the influence of Az. brasilense on nitrogen fixation and soil organic compounds in saline-sodic and calcareous soils;

6. To characterize the effect of organic and biological ameliorants on soil enzymes activities under laboratory and greenhouse experiments in saline-sodic and calcareous soils;

7. To identify the effect of spent grain and humic substances on the uptake of macronutrients and micronutrients contents in saline-sodic and calcareous soils;

8. To determine the effect of spent grain with Az. brasilense on reducing the negative effect of the salinity and toxic ions on crops;

9. To determine the effect of spent grain, humic substances, and vermicompost on the seeds germination rate of cultivated plants.

The scientific novelty of the results:

1. For the first time in arid regions of Egypt, a solution of humic substances extracted from vermicompost based on spent grain was used to enhance the productivity of wheat plants;

2. Traditional compost and vermicompost obtained based on spent grain were used as effective ameliorants for saline and calcareous soils.

3. A solution of humic substances extracted from vermicompost based on spent grain, mixed with essential trace elements and Az. brasilense is a new competitive solution for regulating plant productivity in arid regions;

4. In arid regions of Egypt, the Az. brasilense bacteria was used to reduce the negative consequences of salinity stress and toxic ions on plant growth and crop productivity in saline-sodic and calcareous soils;

5. For the first time, based on laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments, it was found that traditional compost and vermicompost decreased toxic ions on plants, increases the fertility, and biological activity of arid soils;

6. For the first time, study the negative effects of organic (traditional compost, spent grain) and biological (Az. brasilense) ameliorants on soil leachates characterization;

7. Finally, we found the application of traditional compost, spent grain, and Az. brasilense enhance activities of soil enzymes in saline-sodic and calcareous soils of in arid regions.

The statements to be defended:

1. Traditional compost and vermicompost based on spent grain are effective ameliorants of saline and calcareous soils;

2. A novel liquid solution of humic substances extracted from vermicompost based on spent grain and enriched with essential trace elements used as soil and plant organic ameliorants;

3. Evaluation of the negative effect of mineral fertilizers, organic ameliorants, and Az. brasilense on ammonium, nitrate, and chloride ions in soil leachates for three months of seeds sowing;

4. Az. brasilense bacteria reduced the negative consequences of salinity stress and toxic ions on crop growth and productivity in saline-sodic and calcareous soils;

5. Humic substances extracted from vermicompost based on spent grain, mixed with essential trace elements, and Az. brasilense inoculation is a new ameliorant for saline-sodic and calcareous soil in arid regions.

The reliability and approbation of the results

The experiments were carried out in laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. Each variant had at least four replicates. The methods of variation statistics confirmed the degree of reliability of the obtained experiments. The conclusions were reliable at the accepted level of confidence P = 0.95%.

The results of the work were reported at the following scientific conferences:

1. Hafez M., Rashad M., Popov A.I. Effect of Bacteria Inoculation with Organic Wastes Incubation on the Chemical and Biological Properties of Saline Soil in Egypt // Conference: International Scientific Conference XXII Dokuchaev's youth reading.

http://www.dokuchaevskie.ru/wp content/uploads/2018/09/DMH_2019_cut.pdf#page volume: 22.

2. Hafez, M., Rashad, M., Popov A.I. Novel Environmental Additives to Decrease Nitrate Level in Agriculture Wastewater and Enhancement Nutrient Status under Greenhouse Plant Growth in Calcareous Soil // Материалы Междунар. молодежного науч. форума «ЛОМОНОСОВ-2020» [Электронный ресурс] / Отв.ред. И.А. Алешковский, А.В. Андриянов, Е.А. Антипов. М.: МАКС Пресс, 2020.

3. Hafez, M., Mohamed, A.E., Rashad M. Popov, A.I. Efficiency of Application of Bacterial and Humic Preparations in the Arid Regions of Egypt // Biologically active preparations for plant growing: scientific justification - recommendations - practical results [Electronic resource]: materials of the XVI Intern. Scientific-practical conf., Minsk, October 22. 2020/ Belarus State University; editorial board: D. V. Maslak. ISBN 978-985-566-949-5. Pp. 163-168. https://elib.bsu.by/handle/123456789/250040

4. Цивка, К.И., Попов, А.И., Хафез, М., Рашад, M., Ковалева, Н.М. Основные Пути Оптимизации Продукционного Процесса Культивируемых Растений на Землях Подверженных Деградации // Международной Научно-Практической Конференции. Москва. ноябрь 2020-март 2021 УДК 631.4:631.41:631.175:632.9:004.13 (471.23). pp. 96100. DOI: 10.29003/m1684.978-5-317-06490-7/96-100.

5. Hafez, M., Rashad, M., Popov, I. A. Effect of Soil Types and Different Environmental Additives on CO2-Emission and Microbial Biomass during Long-Term Soil Incubation in Egypt // Международной конференции по естественным и гуманитарным наукам - «Science SPbU - 2020», состоявшейся 25.12.2020.

6. Hafez, M., Popov, A.I., Rashad, M., The response of saline-sodic soils to reclamation using biological and organic amendments under arid regions of Egypt // E3S Web of Conferences Volume 247, 01047, April 2021.

https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701047

7. Hafez, M., Rashad, M. Popov, A.I. Humic Substances Applications and Azospirillum Inoculation to Enhance Wheat Plant Production in Arid Region of Egypt // Материалы Международного молодежного научного форума «Л0М0Н0С0В-2021» / Отв. ред. И.А. Алешковский, А.В. Андриянов, Е.А. Антипов, Е.И. Зимакова. [Электронный ресурс] - М.: МАКС Пресс, 2021. -1электрон. опт. диск (DVD-ROM); 12 см. - 2000 экз. ISBN 978-5-317-06593-5. https://lomonosov-msu.ru/archive/Lomonosov 2021/data/section 23 22149.htm

8. Хафез, М., Рашад, M., Попов, А. И. Эффективность Использования Бактериального И Гуминовых Препаратов // В Условиях Засушливых Территорий Египта. 367. Paper presented at international conference on sciences and humanities 'Science SPbU - 2020', Санкт-Петербург, России. https://files.researchpark.ru/index.php/s/qkLPX5CxxE6N4y4

The personal contribution of the author

The author conducted all the experimental work and statistical analysis and presented these results for scientific analysis; together with the scientific supervisor and scientific consultant, they prepared and published articles.

Author's publications on the dissertation topic

The main results on the thesis topic are presented in 9 publications; 1 more was accepted for publication, and 4 are under review. All journals that have been published and are being prepared are peer-reviewed journals, indexed by the Web of Science and Scopus.

The research results were published in peer-reviewed journals:

1. Hafez M., Popov A.I., Rashad M. Influence of Agro-industrial Wastes and Azospirillum on Nutrients Status and Grain Yield under Corn Plant Growth in Arid Regions // Biosci. Res. 2019. Vol. 16, № 2. P. 2119-2130.

https://www.isisn.org/BR16(2)2019/2119-2130-16(2)2019BR19-272.pdf

2. Hafez M., Popov A.I., Rashad M. A Novel Environmental Additives to Decrease Nitrate Level in Agriculture Wastewater and Enhancement Nutrient Status under Greenhouse Plant Growth in Calcareous Soil // Plant Arch. 2020. Vol. 20, № Jan. P. 3165-3172. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5194/soil-2019-69.

3. Hafez M., Rashad M., Popov A.I. The Biological Correction of Agro- Photosynthesis of Soil Plant Productivity // Plant Nutrition, 2020. Vol. 43, 17, P. 2929-2980.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1799008

4. Hafez M., Popov A.I., Rashad M. Evaluation of the Effects of New Environmental Additives Compared to Mineral Fertilizers on the Leaching Characteristics of Some Anions and Cations under Greenhouse Plant Growth of Saline-Sodic Soils // Open Agric. J. 2020. Vol. 14, № 1. P. 246-256. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874331502014010246.

5. Hafez M., Popov A.I., Rashad M. Integrated use of bio-organic fertilizers for enhancing soil fertility-plant nutrition, germination status and initial growth of corn (Zea Mays L.) // Environ. Technol. Innov. Elsevier B.V., 2021. Vol. 21. P. 101329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101329.

6. Hafez, M., Mohamed E.A., Rashad M., Popov A.I. The efficiency of application of bacterial and humic preparations to enhance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant productivity in the arid regions of Egypt. Biotechnology Reports, 2021, 29, e00584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00584

7. Hafez, M., Popov A.I., Rashad M. The response of saline-sodic soils to reclamation using biological and organic amendments under arid regions of Egypt // E3S Web of Conferences 2021. Vol. 247, 01047. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf202124701047

8. Hafez, M., Sally F., Abo El-Ezz., Popov A.I., Rashad M. Organic Amendments Combined with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (Azospirillum brasilense) as an Eco-Friendly By-Product to Remediate and Enhance the Fertility of Saline Sodic-Soils in Egypt // Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2021. Vol 52, P. 1416-1433.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2021.1885687

9. Rashad M., Hafez, M., Popov A.I. Humic substances composition and properties as an environmentally sustainable system: A review and way forward to soil conservation// Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2021. DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2021.2005801

Author's publications under review:

1. Hafez, M., Rashad, M., Popov, A.I. Enhancing calcareous and saline soils fertility by. increasing organic matter decomposition and enzyme activities: An incubation study// Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2021. Under Review.

2. Hafez, M., Rashad, M., Popov, A.I. Influence of environmental-friendly bio-organic ameliorants on abiotic stress to sustainable agriculture in arid regions: A long term greenhouse study in northwestern Egypt // J. King Saud University-Science., 2021. Under Review.

3. Towards sustainable agriculture using extracts of natural materials for transferring organic wastes to environmental-friendly ameliorants in Egypt// International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2021. Under Review.

4. Hafez, M., Rashad, M., Popov, A.I. The Biological Correction Using Humic Substances, Vermicompost, and Azospirillum as an Optimum Way of Optimizing Plant Production and Enhance Soil Micronutrients in Arid Regions // Open Agriculture journal, 2021. Under Review.

Author publications as activities (out of the dissertation topic):

1. Abdelraouf, R.E., Abdou, S.M., Mahmoud, M.M., Hafez, M., Popov, A.I., Hamed, L.M. Influence of N-Fertigation Stress and Agro-organic Wastes (Biochar) to Improve Yield and Water Productivity of Sweet Pepper Under Sandy Soils Conditions // Plant Arch. 2020. Vol. 20 (Jan), pp. 3165-3172.

http://www.plantarchives.org/special%20issue%2020-1/214__3208-3217_.pdf

2. Rashad, M., Kenawy, El-R., Hosny, A., Hafez M., Elbana, M. An environmental friendly superabsorbent composite based on rice husk as soil amendment to improve plant growth and water productivity under deficit irrigation conditions, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2021. 44:7, 1010-1022, DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2020.1849293

The scope and structure of the thesis

The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of figures, and tables, references, and an appendix. The full volume of the thesis is 182 pages with 91 figures and 40 tables, and 5 Images. The list of references contains 223 items.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Другие cпециальности», Котат Мохамед Хафез Абдель Фаттах Мохамед

7.4. Заключение.

Таким образом, внесение пивной дробины в известковую почву и особенно использование вермикомпоста, приготовленного из той же пивной дробины, можно считать удачным агротехническим приемом, основанном на применении этих мелиорантов, повышающих содержание углерода органических соединений и доступных растениям форм фосфора и калия в агропочве.

В полевом опыте из всех мелиорантов только внесенные в почву пивная дробина и вермикомпост в течение шести месяцев поддерживали относительно низкие значения рН.

В полевом эксперименте внесение пивной дробины в почву и инокуляция её культурой Л2. Ьгаяйвпяв способствовали значимому (Р < 0,05) увеличению в почвенном растворе ионов Са2+ и Mg2+, а внесение в почву вермикомпоста, приготовленного из пивной дробины, и раствора ГВ существенно (Р < 0,05) снижали содержание в почвенном растворе ионов натрия, хлорид-ионов и бикарбонат-ионов.

Внесение в почву вермикомпоста и раствора ГВ, модифицированного микроэлементами, значимо (Р < 0,05) увеличивали содержание доступных растениям микроэлементов в известковой почве, по сравнению с вариантами, в которых вносилась пивная дробина и проводилась инокуляция культурой Л2. Ътазйетв. Причем содержание доступных растениям микроэлементов в известковой почве в вариантах с внесением пивной дробины в почву и инокуляция её бактериальным препаратом существенно (Р < 0,05) превышало относительно контроля и варианта с внесением №К.

Органические (пивная дробина, вермикомпост, растворы ГВ) и биологические (культура Лг. Ътasilense) мелиоранты эффективно увеличивали и урожай пшеницы и, естественно, эффективность водопользования этими растениями, по сравнению с традиционно используемыми химическими удобрениями.

Внесение в известковую почву ГВ, пивной дробины и вермикомпоста значимо (Р < 0,05) увеличивало общее содержание ЫРК в пшенице спустя три месяца после посева, по сравнению с другими вариантами, а также с контролем и вариантом с внесением №К.

Внесение в известковую почву вермикомпоста, ГВ, обогащенных микроэлементами, пивной дробины и инокуляция почвы культурой Лг. Ътasilense значимо (Р < 0,05) увеличивали высоту растений пшеницы спустя три месяца после посева, по сравнению с другими вариантами, а также с контролем.

Внесение в известковую почву вермикомпоста, пивной дробины и ГВ, обогащенных микроэлементами, значимо (Р < 0,05) повышали и свежую, и сухую фитомассу пшеницы, по сравнению с остальными вариантами. Использование гуминовых препаратов было эффективнее увеличивали сухую фитомассу только по сравнению с химическими удобрениями и контролем. Причем инокуляция почвы культурой Лг. Ътasilense была действенной только относительно контроля.

На основе расчёта обобщенных функций желательности Харингтона было получено, что влияние химических удобрений на биометрические показатели продуктивности пшеницы и агрономические характеристики растений пшеницы было хорошее, в остальных вариантах — очень хорошее, поэтому мы рекомендуем в растениеводстве использовать органические и биологические мелиоранты

Иными словами, органические и биологические мелиоранты были эффективнее, чем традиционные химические удобрения во всех случаях.

Обобщённое заключение

Таким образом, в ходе проведения лабораторного, вегетационного и полевого опытов было выявлено следующее.

В полевом опыте внесение в известковую почву вермикомпоста, приготовленного из пивной дробины, повышало в агропочве содержание углерода органических соединений и доступных растениям форм фосфора и калия, а также в течение шести месяцев поддерживало относительно низкие значения pH.

Также в условиях вегетационного опыта, было выявлено, что внесение пивной дробины в известковую почву повышало содержание водорастворимых ионов калия.

Внесение в почву пивной дробины, как мелиоранта, снижало содержание в почвенном растворе ионов натрия, хлорид-ионов и бикарбонат-ионов.

Использование гуминовых препаратов эффективно увеличивало прирост и свежей, и сухой фитомассы пшеницы по сравнению с химическими удобрениями и контролем. При этом внесение в известковую почву гуминовых препаратов, обогащенных микроэлементами, значимо (P < 0,05) повышали и свежую, и сухую фитомассу пшеницы по сравнению с другими вариантами, кроме варианта, в котором вносился вермикомпост.

Органические (пивная дробина, вермикомпост, растворы гуминовых веществ) и биологические (культура Az. brasilense) мелиоранты эффективно увеличивали и урожай пшеницы и, естественно, эффективность водопользования этими растениями, по сравнению с традиционно используемыми химическими удобрениями

На основе расчёта обобщенных функций желательности Харингтона было получено, что влияние химических удобрений на биометрические показатели продуктивности пшеницы и агрономические характеристики растений пшеницы было хорошее, в остальных вариантах, в которых использовались биологические и органические мелиоранты, — очень хорошее.

В условиях лабораторного эксперимента после 21 недели инкубации засоленной карбонатно-натриевой почвы в вариантах с внесением пивной дробины совместно с инокуляцией её культурой Az. brasilense наблюдалось увеличение толерантности проростков сельскохозяйственных культур к ионам натрия.

В условиях вегетационного опыта инокуляция засоленной карбонатно-натриевой почвы Az. brasilense по сравнению с контролем способствовала обогащению почв азотом и углеродом органических соединений.

Инокуляция засоленной карбонатно-натриевой почвы в лабораторном пыте культурой Az. brasilense существенно активизировала действие дегидрогеназы и уреазы.

В условиях вегетационного опыта внесение пивной дробины в исследуемую известковую почву и инокуляция её Az. brasilense по сравнению с контролем способствовали увеличению активности дегидрогеназы и уреазы,

В ходе лабораторного эксперимента с засоленной карбонатно-натриевой почвой было выявлено, что применение пивной дробины с инокуляцией после 10 и 21 недели инкубации увеличивало содержание в почве общего азота, углерода органических соединений и доступных растениям форм фосфора и калия, а также подвижных соединений эссенциальных микроэлементов.

В условиях вегетационного опыта инкубирование известковой почвы с пивной дробиной (отдельно или в сочетании с Az. brasilense) приводило к заметному увеличению в ней содержания общего азота и углерода органических соединений, подвижных форм фосфора, ссужало отношение C/N и расширяло отношение N:P, увеличивало растворимость микроэлементов (Fe2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Cu2+ и борат-иона).

В условия полевого опыта внесение в почву вермикомпоста и раствора гуминовых веществ, модифицированного микроэлементами, значимо (P < 0,05) увеличивали содержание доступных растениям микроэлементов в известковой почве, по сравнению с вариантами, в которых вносилась пивная дробина и проводилась инокуляция культурой Az. brasilense. Причем содержание доступных растениям микроэлементов в известковой почве в вариантах с внесением пивной дробины в почву и инокуляция её бактериальным препаратом существенно (P < 0,05) превышало относительно контроля и варианта с внесением NPK.

В ходе лабораторного эксперимента с засоленной карбонатно-натриевой почвой было выявлено, что совместное внесение пивной дробины в почву и инокуляция её культурой Az. brasilense снижали негативное действие водорастворимых солей на растения.

В условиях вегетационного опыта органические (пивная дробина и компост) и биологические (культура Az. brasilense) мелиоранты будучи внесенными в засоленную карбонатно-натриевую почву, увеличивали величины индекса всхожести, конечного процента всхожести и скорости прорастания семян кукурузы.

Органические и биологические мелиоранты были эффективнее, чем традиционные химические удобрения во всех случаях.

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