Research on tokenized supply chain via blockchain/Исследование токенизированных цепочек поставок посредством блокчейна тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 00.00.00, кандидат наук Мадвал Яш

• Мадвал Яш
• кандидат наук
• 2024

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Мадвал Яш

Table of contents

Page

Introduction

Chapter 1. Background blockchain bases supply chain

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Bitcoin overview

1.3 Blockchain architecture

1.4 Types of blockchain

1.5 Blockchain Consensus

1.6 Challenges in smart supply chain management

1.7 Blockchain capability

1.8 Adoption of blockchain and challenges

1.9 Blockchain in Supply Chain

1.10 Conclusion

Chapter 2. Blockchain solution for Tokenized SCM

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Asset Volume Tokenization

2.2.1 Postage Stamps

2.2.2 Performance Tests

2.2.3 Blockchain verifiable certificate

2.3 Token Conversion

2.3.1 Case of Aircraft's Supply Chain

2.3.2 Case of Aerosol Manufacturer

2.3.3 Case of Preventive Measures for Plastic Pipes

2.4 Conclusion

Chapter 3. Data Processing for Supply Chain Management

3.1 Secure Data Transfer

3.1.1 Security

3.1.2 Results

3.2 Supply chain-driven smart contracts

3.2.1 Research methodology

3.2.2 Delivery process and PoD workflow

3.2.3 System Architecture

3.2.4 Ponti's DLT's Transaction Costs Estimates

3.3 Conclusion

Chapter 4. Blockchain extension for Supply Chain

4.1 Auditability

4.1.1 Blockchain Powered Incorruptible Auditing

4.1.2 Blockchain Extension for PostgreSQL Data Storage

4.2 Availability

4.3 Usability

4.3.1 Pipe Label Parameters Choice

4.3.2 Conclusion

4.4 Conclusion

Conclusion

List of abbreviations and symbols

Dictionary of Terms

Bibliography

List of Figures

List of Tables

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Research on tokenized supply chain via blockchain/Исследование токенизированных цепочек поставок посредством блокчейна»

Introduction

The primary objective of this dissertation is to determine how the concept of blockchain technology can be implied in supply chain management (SCM). During the research phase, I emphasized how the intermediaries' agreement can provide the transaction details among two segments in an supply chain (SC). Segments of SC lack information flow among all the components. This lack of information sharing leads to a communication gap, and thus, due to this loophole, many corrupt practices can occur, like money laundering, product replacements, etc. This information transformation among the SC components can exist between two elements or across all. I described numerous possibilities, such as a decentralized application (DApp), a possible application to track and trace products, which the following segment of the SC will procure. This procurement process will be recorded in the blockchain chronologically. Although a solution exists for tracking and tracing items in SC, I proposed ways in which two or more things can be tokenized and converted to a new product and record a new token generation on the blockchain.

The goal dissertation aims to address key challenges and innovate within the intersection of blockchain technology and supply chain management. The dissertation seeks to develop and implement blockchain protocols to prevent counterfeiting across multi-tier production processes within supply chain projects. Furthermore, it aims to design and deploy robust supply chain protocols with automated dispute resolution mechanisms to enhance transparency and reliability. Additionally, the dissertation endeavors to tackle critical issues in blockchain usage within supply chains, such as improving readability by edge devices, implementing Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) protection mechanisms, and enhancing usability for stakeholders. The dissertation aims to advance supply chain operations' efficiency, security, and trustworthiness through these goals, ultimately contributing to blockchain technology's broader adoption and integration in supply chain management practices.

To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks :

1. Research and design blockchain protocols to prevent counterfeiting in supply chain projects, from manufacturing to final ownership via multi-tier production.

2. Designing and implementing a robust and auditable supply chain protocol with automated dispute resolution mechanisms.

3. Research and design solutions for blockchain usage problems, namely:

(a) Readability by edge devices of blockchain's data on products,

(b) DDoS protection in blockchains without a transaction fee,

(c) Proof of the correctness of response for templated requests in the supply chain and provide solutions.

The scientific novelty of the work is formulated in the form of the main provisions, points to defend:

1. Token-driven workflows for the blockchain-based supply chain are provided. Methods to objectify and tokenize things to transform them into new tokens are described. Furthermore, I designed a token-driven workflow for a blockchain-based supply chain. This workflow allows asset tokenization and token conversion, which provides auditable, transparent, reliable communication Accessibility.

2. Secure Data Transfer or supply-driven smart contracts is considered and designed to solve supply chain problems, namely, secure data transfer in distributed energy grids and long-term proof-of-delivery PoD smart contracts for performance measurement for Ponti. I designed applications for applied projects and developed prototypes, e.g., a blockchain system for Russian postage stamps and plastic pipes for the polyplastic group. I also designed and implemented several scientific prototypes, like tracking manufacturing items for respirators and medical certificates. The information on the blockchain of prototypes is reliable and verifiable.

3. The Research formulated three problem areas in blockchain usage for supply chains and provided a corresponding solution, namely:

(a) Auditability: Introduction of blockchain to a traditional database system. I provided two solutions for introducing a blockchain to conventional methods:

i. Exonum Neo4j graph database

ii. Data storage on the top of a relational database.

(b) Availability: Blockchain without transaction fees are prone to DDoS attacks. We provided fractional reservation-based DDoS

protection in formulating a method to prevent DDoS attacks in a blockchain environment with high throughput. (c) Usability: Interacting with the blockchain via edge devices is difficult. I researched, implemented, and provided ease-of-use interaction via edge devices for the machine-readable label for production that describes the amount of information that can be stored and easily read on curved surfaces with different radii.

The dissertation contributes significant scientific and practical significance to the intersection of blockchain technology and supply chain management. By addressing critical challenges in the field, such as counterfeiting prevention and transparency enhancement, the dissertation provides valuable insights into applying blockchain protocols across multi-tier production processes within supply chains. Moreover, designing and deploying robust supply chain protocols with automated dispute resolution mechanisms offer practical solutions to enhance reliability and transparency in real-world supply chain operations. The dissertation also tackles critical blockchain usage issues, including the readability of edge devices and DDoS protection mechanisms, thereby advancing supply chain practices' efficiency, security, and trustworthiness. Theoretical contributions include the development of novel token-driven workflows and secure data transfer mechanisms, while practical solutions for blockchain usability challenges demonstrate the dissertation's immediate applicability in industrial settings. The comprehensive approach and innovative outcomes underscore its theoretical significance and practical relevance, positioning it as a valuable contribution to academia and industry in blockchain-enabled supply chain management.

The validity and reliability of the results and conclusions are ensured using diverse blockchain and tokenization analyses, along with their alignment with existing literature. Different methods were conducted to ascertain the replicability of tokenization procedures in blockchain systems, thus preventing counterfeiting, improving transparency, and resolving disputes automatically in multi-tier production processes. Addressing practical challenges like readability by edge devices and DDoS protection, the dissertation aims to increase efficiency, security, and trust in supply chain operations. Developing reliable blockchain protocols and solutions contributes to blockchain technology's broader adoption and integration in real-world supply chain practices. Furthermore, the formulations

and insights articulated within the research have been evaluated rigorously at international conferences dedicated to blockchain and applications. Moreover, the validation of the findings is reinforced through their publication in peer-reviewed journals within the blockchain and distributed ledger technology domain, further supporting their credibility and significance within the academic and professional communities.

Approbation of the work and publications

The main results on the dissertation topic are presented in 12 printed publications, all indexed in Scopus or Web of Science, including two papers in Q1 Journals and one in the Rank A conference proceedings. The materials of the works were presented at the following conferences in the form of oral and poster presentations: IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency 2019 (Seoul, Korea), 2nd International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Applications (Xian, China), 2020 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (virtual), 2020 IEEE 21st International Symposium on "A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks" (virtual), 4th International Conference on Computers in Management and Business (virtual), 2021 3rd Blockchain and Internet of Things Conference (virtual), 2021 4th International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Applications (virtual).

The author's contribution includes setting goals, planning experimental activities, and systematically analyzing literature data. The author's programming expertise has significantly advanced blockchain applications in supply chain management. The author has addressed critical challenges such as counterfeiting prevention and transparency enhancement through innovative solutions, designed and developed blockchain-based applications for supply chain protocols, and tackled usability issues, such as readability and DDoS protection; the author's contributions have improved efficiency and security within supply chains. The author participated in preparing and presenting oral and poster presentations at scientific conferences and writing articles for international peer-reviewed scientific journals. The work was done at the Computational and Data Science and Engineering Department of the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology.

The structure and volume of the dissertation The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The

full volume of the dissertation is 144 pages with 38 figures and 6 tables. The list of references contains 170 numbers.

Заключение диссертации по теме «Другие cпециальности», Мадвал Яш

Conclusion

The main results of the work are as follows.

1. We researched a variety of workflows for different supply chains. We designed and implemented a communication workflow among different entities for tracking and tracing products on a simple supply chain. We describe examples theoretically and by developing a proof-of-concept of blockchain implementation in simple supply chains, like postage stamps, health certificate generation, aircraft manufacturing, etc.

2. We designed and implemented tokenization to monitor the workflow and manufacturing process of the product(s) from provenance to end-users. The tokenization solution to the product's manufacturing is provided for three types of products:

(a) Non-conversion: Tokenization for products that do not involve any conversions. The product does not change its form.

(b) Conversion: Creation of new tokenized products formed by merging two or more products. Such a method requires the creation of a new product, i.e., minting a new token and recording it in the blockchain.

(c) Dismantle: A product can be formed by merging two or more products. But sometimes, there are conditions when a product should be dismantled in two or more items. In terms of blockchain, we refer to minting new tokens as a fraction of the preceding token. Such a method can be for splitting into identical tokens or non-identical tokens.

3. Transferring cryptocurrency is transferring data, and blockchain platforms do not transfer negative data. We implemented methods and provided results of how negative numbers can be transferred over a network of supply chain entities, in our case, an electrical grid that transfers data pairs.

4. While formulating the blockchain's implementation, we proposed an environment for implementing the blockchain-supply chain.

(a) Auditability: We proposed auditable extensions that allow:

i. Combination of blockchain with graph database into a single system, delivering an auditable trail for information stored.

ii. Provable checking transaction content and user balance without a full database lookup using the Merkel Patricia tree data structure.

(b) Availability: A supply chain environment would require high transaction throughput to be recorded to the blockchain. We designed and implemented a formula to prioritize and queue pending transactions for the environment with zero transaction fees to reduce the possibility of a DDoS attack.

(c) Usability: Before reading information from the blockchain, we need to write information on it. The amount of information that should be stored on the blockchain is critical. We provided a research result for the amount of information (in bytes) that a label like QR code and Aztec code can hold vs. the feasibility of reading at various distances on flat and curved surfaces of different radii.

In total, this thesis represents significant progress toward tokenizing the blockchain environment for the supply chain and providing factors for its environment. And some closing phrases.

Список литературы диссертационного исследования кандидат наук Мадвал Яш, 2024 год

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