Маркирование по числу у различных классов слов (на материале нахско-дагестанских языков) тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 00.00.00, кандидат наук Закирова Айгуль Наилевна

• Закирова Айгуль Наилевна
• кандидат наук
• 2023

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Закирова Айгуль Наилевна

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

1. Number marking, number agreement and related phenomena

1.1.Instances of number marking: the main distinction

1.2.Genuine number

1.2.1. Number marking on nouns

1.2.2. Number marking on adnominal modifiers

1.2.3. Pronominal number

1.2.4. Verbal number

1.3.Number agreement

1.3.1. Definitions of agreement

1.3.2. More on agreement domains and agreement features

1.3.2.1. NP domain

1.3.2.2. Clausal domain: verbs

1.3.2.3. Other agreement patterns

1.3.3. Marginal agreement

1.4.Allocutive marking

1.5.Summary and terms used in this dissertation

2. Diachrony of number-related phenomena

2.1 .Diachrony of genuine number

2.2.Diachrony of (number) agreement

2.2.1. Diachrony of clausal agreement

2.2.1.1.Origins of person agreement in the clause

2.2.1.2.Origins of number agreement in the clause

2.2.2. Diachrony of NP-internal agreement

2.2.3. Language contact and number agreement

2.3.Diachrony of allocutive marking

2.4.Summary

3. The East Caucasian languages (and their agreement patterns)

3.1.The East Caucasian languages: a general introduction

3.2.East Caucasian languages: aspects of phonology and grammar

3.2.1. Phonology and transcription

3.2.2. Gender (and number) agreement

3.2.3. Nominal categories of East Caucasian

3.2.4. Syntax: other mechanisms of agreement

3.2.5. Summary

4. Number marking in the East Caucasian languages: current state of knowledge

4.1.Genuine number

4.2.Number agreement

4.3.Integrative approach to number: Kelauridze (2006)

4.4.This dissertation: research questions and methodology

5. Number marking on adjectives: diachronic sources, genealogical and areal patterns

5.1.Adjectival number agreement in the languages of Dagestan: variation observed

5.2.Genealogical overview

5.2.1. Nakh

5.2.2. Avar-Andic-Tsezic

5.2.2.1. Avar

5.2.2.2. Andic

5.2.2.3. Tsezic

5.2.3. Lezgic

5.2.4. Dargwa

5.2.5. Lak

5.2.6. Khinalug

5.2.7. Adjectival agreement in the adjacent languages

5.3.Genealogical and areal distribution of agreement patterns

5.4.Diachrony of adjectival number agreement

5.5.Summary

6. Number marking on verbs: diachronic sources, genealogical and areal patterns

6.1. Overview of the conditions on number marking

6.1.1. Lexically-conditioned number marking

6.1.1.1. Verbal ablaut

6.1.1.2. Consonant alternations and suppletion

6.1.1.3. Suffixes and infixes

6.1.2. Number agreement expressed outside of the verb root

6.1.3. Intermediate cases

6.2.Number agreement with the addressee: imperative, prohibitive and optative forms

6.3.Summary

6.4.The diachronic sources of number marking on verbs

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7. The plural marker —(V)l in dialects of Andi

7.1.The Andi language: a brief sociolinguistic and grammar sketch

7.2.The use of -(V)l on parts of the NP: dialects of Andi

7.2.1. Morphophonology of-(V)l

7.2.2. Uses of -(V)l in the NP domain

7.2.3. The diachronic relationship between -(V)l-marking and -(V)l-agreement

7.2.4. The Andic languages: plural markers and plural agreement

7.2.5. Specialized number agreement across Andic: towards a functional motivation

7.2.6. Another scenario: borrowing from Avar?

7.2.7. Evaluation of different hypotheses

7.3.Further extension: plural agreement on verbs and adverbs

7.3.1. -(V)l-agreement on verbs

7.3.2. -(V)l-agreement on adverbs

7.4.Summary and discussion

7.5.-(V)l in Andi: conclusion

Conclusion

Abbreviations

References

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Маркирование по числу у различных классов слов (на материале нахско-дагестанских языков)»

Introduction

This dissertation is dedicated to number marking across different word classes in the East Caucasian languages.

Number is primarily represented in the linguistic literature as a nominal category. Likewise, this view prevails in the East Caucasian linguistics. While all East Caucasian grammatical descriptions pay considerable attention to the plural markers found with nouns, number expressed on other types of words is often not described in such detail. Similarly, in the collective volume "Kategoriya chisla v dagestanskikh yazykakh" [The category of number in the languages of Dagestan] edited by Mikailov (1985), only four papers out of 27 are dedicated to number as expressed on verbs, adjectives, and words of other lexical classes, whereas the rest deals with nominal number. The articles on the category of number listed in the East Caucasian bibliography (Alekseev & Kikilashvili 2013) reflect the same tendency: most of them are dedicated to nominal number. On the one hand, this may be due to the fact that number marking on adjectives, verbs, and other word classes is simply more marginal and less commonly attested than nominal number. On the other hand, this may reflect the general bias of the East Caucasian linguistics towards morphology: overall, in these languages number markers found with nouns are usually morphologically diverse, and their distribution idiosyncratic, whereas other types of number marking are less complex morphologically, e.g. they have fewer allomorphs.

The expression of number in the East Caucasian languages is not only underdescribed in grammars but also understudied from an areal, genealogical, and typological perspective. The diachrony of number marking is understudied for East Caucasian, as well as for other language families and areals, too.

In particular, there seem to be few comparative studies or overviews of this category in the East Caucasian languages. One of them is a short (and by no means exhaustive) overview by Khajdakov (1985). There are also surveys of nominal number in the East Caucasian languages by Kibrik (1985; 2003), which overlap to a considerable extent. The first one describes how count nouns and mass nouns express the category of number. The second one, entitled "Nominal inflection galore", is a general overview of nominal inflection, with several appendices, where the author, among others, again discusses count nouns and mass nouns with defective number paradigms.

One of the rare comparative works on the category of number in the Caucasus is Kelauridze's (2006) dissertation and her several articles (2003a, 2003b, 2004, and 2006), where the category of number in three language families of the Caucasus is discussed, namely East Caucasian,

Northwest Caucasian (Abkhaz-Adyghe), and South Caucasian (Kartvelian). Two more intragenetic overviews of number marking in the East Caucasian languages are found in my papers (Zakirova 2022a, b), which are dedicated to adjectival number agreement and verbal number marking in East Caucasian. The present dissertation is partly based on the findings described in these two papers and my other paper (Zakirova 2020) on suffixal number agreement in Zilo Andi.

In what follows, I am going to provide a brief abstract of this dissertation.

As already mentioned, the phenomenon under investigation is number marking in different lexical classes in the East Caucasian languages. In particular, I am interested in the diachronic relationships between different types of number marking.

In this study, I distinguish the following types of number marking: genuine number (nominal number, pronominal number, or verbal number), and number agreement (in the NP, in the clausal domain, and allocutive number marking). I understand genuine number as a type of marking that reflects the number of entities, be it objects or events. Agreement, on the other hand, takes place if number is marked on a word which is not the source of this information (cf. wording on the cover Corbett's 2006 book). Rather, the source of number agreement marking is another word marked for genuine number, usually found elsewhere in the sentence or in the discourse. For example, number marking on nouns is usually an instantiation of genuine number. Thus, the pluralized noun cats denotes several objects that can be classified as cats. Number marking found with adjectives or other modifiers, on the other hand, is a less straightforward case. It is better analyzed as genuine number in a language where it occurs on adjectives in the head position but is impossible in the adnominal use; cf. (1a, b) from Lower Andi. However, if the adjective can carry number marking in the adnominal position, this marking will be more convincingly analyzed as agreement; cf. (2) from Upper Andi.

(1) lower andi (village of Muni, own fieldwork)

a. w-ec'uxa / *w-ec'ux-oli moc'i-li

M-big *M-big-pl child.PL-ABS.PL

'older children' (lit. 'big children', elic.)

b. mic'i moc'i-li is-u, w-ec'ux-oli uskulu-?o w-o?on-no

small child.PL-ABS.PL home-LOC M-big-abs.pl school.OBL-suP.LAT M-PL.go-PRF

'Small children are at home, and the older children (lit. 'big children') went to school' (elic.).

(2) upper andi (village of Zilo, own fieldwork) w-ec 'ux-ol kunt 'o-l M-big-pl man. pl-abs . pl 'old people' (lit. 'big people', corpus)

The Lower Andi -oli and the Upper Andi -ol seem to be cognates: the presence of an additional vowel i in the examples (1a, b) can be explained by the tendency towards open syllables in the Muni dialect of Lower Andi. Examples (1) and (2) thus show that cognate plural markers can instantiate different number-related phenomena: in (1), we deal with genuine number, while (2) shows number agreement. To account for this, one has to postulate a diachronic process by which either genuine number marking in Upper Andi changed into number agreement, or number agreement gave rise to genuine number marking. The present dissertation deals with processes of this kind.

The goal of this dissertation is to describe number marking patterns in the East Caucasian languages and, on the basis of this description, answer the following main question: how does number marking evolve diachronically?

The questions that I aim at answering in this dissertation are:

• How is number marking distributed across word classes in East Caucasian and how are different instances of number marking to be analyzed?

• What does the synchronic distribution of this marking tell us about its history?

o Which directions of change (e.g. from genuine nominal number to adjectival number agreement, from genuine nominal number to allocutive number agreement, etc.) are found in the East Caucasian languages? o How exactly do these changes occur? o Does language contact play a role in these processes?

The study is divided into three parts, which all deal with the questions listed above. The first part (Chapters 1-4) introduces the theoretical foundations for this study: in these chapters, the literature on number is surveyed and the East Caucasian languages are presented, with particular attention to number marking patterns. The second part (Chapters 5-6) is based on the data of the whole East Caucasian family: I investigate number marking strategies found with adjectives and verbs in East Caucasian. In the third part (Chapter 7), I specifically focus on dialects of Andi (< Avar-Andic), providing a detailed reconstruction of the processes by which number agreement could have arisen in the Upper dialects of Andi. For this, I use my first-hand data from elicitation and texts. In what follows, I describe the second and third part of the study in more detail.

Chapters 5-6

For the second part of the study, the material comes from grammatical descriptions of the East Caucasian languages and some other adjacent languages. The East Caucasian languages are or have previously been in contact with Kartvelian languages (namely Georgian) in the northern part of Dagestan (Khalilov 2004), and with the Turkic languages Azeri and Kumyk in the southern and central parts of Dagestan (Abukarov 1997, Burzhumova 2006, Johanson 2006, Authier 2010a-b, 2013, Maisak 2016, Dobrushina 2017). As Stolz (2015: 288-295) shows on the Uralic material, number agreement phenomena may be prone to borrowing and contact-induced grammaticalization. For this reason, I also included the contacting languages in the sample.

The sample consists of 59 lects. 53 of them belong to the East Caucasian family, while 6 belong to other families: Kumyk, Nogai, Azeri, Armenian, Tat, and Georgian. These lects are spoken in Dagestan and on adjacent territories.

The methodology in Chapters 5-6 follows from the goal of this study to trace the evolution of number marking. First, using grammatical descriptions of the lects in the sample, I identify number markers that occur on nouns. Then I compare these markers to the number markers found on words of other lexical classes. For adjectives and verbs, the approach to data collection was adopted from the Typological Atlas of the Languages of Dagestan (Daniel et al 2022). For each lect of the sample, the values of the following features have been determined, namely:

• Does the lect have number marking on adnominal adjectives?

• Does the lect have number marking on verbs?

• Which are the factors that condition this marking?

The values of these variables have been put into a database, mapped and analyzed for genealogical and areal patterns.

Chapter 7

Chapter 7 is a case study, where I present a description of number marking and number agreement in dialects of Andi. In some dialects of Andi, the plural marker -(V)l can be found on virtually all types of nominal modifiers, many verb forms and some adverbs. Using the Andi data, I try to answer the following question: which grammaticalization processes account for the uses of related markers on nouns and words of other morphological classes?

Chapter 7 is based on the data from several dialects of Andi. Both elicitation and text analysis were used. Data from the Zilo dialect (<Upper Andi) have been collected during field trips in 2017-2019. Data from Muni (<Lower Andi) come from a field trip taken in July 2021. For both varieties the research was complemented by online elicitation via WhatsApp. Besides, I used

spontaneous texts recorded from speakers of the Zilo dialect (about 31, 000 words, roughly transcribed and translated by linguists and native speakers but not in a publishable condition).

Additionally, textual data from dialects spoken in the villages of Andi and Rikvani are provided where they diverge from Zilo. Data from the Andi dialect (hence Andi proper) come from the grammatical description (Dirr 1906), from the collection of fairy-tales (Magomedova & Alisultanova 2010, 8445 words), and from texts published in the grammar sketch (Dirr 1906, about 3400 words). The Rikvani data come from the grammatical description (Sulejmanov 1957) as well as texts recorded in the village of Rikvani in 2015 by Michael Daniel and Timur Maisak (4229 words, roughly transcribed and translated by a native speaker but not in a publishable condition).

This study is novel and relevant, since possible diachronic developments of plural markers have not been studied systematically. Besides, a synchronic areal-genealogical study of different number marking patterns has not yet been carried out for the East Caucasian languages. For some other language families, however, similar studies have been undertaken, cf., for example, studies of various languages and language families in the handbook "Number in the worlds' languages" edited by Acquaviva & Daniel (2022). Adding to the existing knowledge the description of number marking in the East Caucasian languages broadens our understanding of number-related phenomena in typology and diachrony.

The research that resulted in this dissertation was a rather urgent task, since the number of speakers of the East Caucasian has recently begun to decline (Moseley 2010). Due to migration to larger cities, people switch to languages of interethnic communication, mainly to Russian.

The proposed study contributes to linguistic theory and language description in several ways:

• It broadens our understanding of diachronic processes that can occur in the domain of number marking. For example, I discuss the grammaticalization of various types of number agreement. These mechanisms are not yet sufficiently covered in the literature.

• It allows us to trace instances of matter and pattern borrowing in the domain of number marking, which is currently hardly described in the literature on contact-induced grammatical change.

• Finally, this study presents data from little-described varieties of Andi, namely Zilo, Andi, Rikvani (<Upper Andi) and Muni (<Lower Andi). Thus, this study is a contribution to the documentation of these dialects.

The results obtained in this study can have several practical applications:

• The description of number marking patterns can be used to teach courses on synchronic or diachronic syntax, typology and East Caucasian linguistics.

• The database constructed as a result of this work can be used for the Typological Atlas of Languages of Dagestan (http://lingconlab.ru/dagatlas/).

• The data analyzed in this study can serve as material for further field research on different types of number marking.

• The first-hand data from dialects of Andi can be used in preparation of grammatical descriptions of Andi.

The following main findings are presented for defense:

1. Specialized number marking across lexical classes can be expressed by formally identical markers. Across different classes and contexts, number marking may instantiate different phenomena, i.e. genuine number (nominal and pronominal number, number expressed on modifiers in elliptic / lexicalized uses, verbal number), number agreement and allocutive marking.

2. In some East Caucasian languages there are no conditions on adjectival number agreement: in some languages, it is present, in others absent.

3. In some East Caucasian languages the following conditions on adjectival number agreement operate: 1) lexical (some adjectival lexemes agree, while others do not), 2) full / short form of the adjective, 3) animacy of the head (with less certainty).

4. Verbal number marking is conditioned either lexically, or grammatically. Lexical conditioning is present in all branches of East Caucasian and may be expressed in the root by means of ablaut, infixes, or consonant alternations. Grammatically-conditioned number marking is found in Lezgic, Dargwa, and Upper Andi and is usually expressed on the right periphery of the stem. The forms that condition number are typically imperatives and prohibitives, more rarely optatives, even more rarely indicative TAM-forms (Upper Andi).

5. The diachronic sources of specialized number marking are nominal plural markers (with adjectives and verbs alike), distributive marking (with adjectives) and full / contrastive morphology (with adjectives). For many patterns, diachronic sources have not been identified.

6. In several East Caucasian languages, agreement or agreement-like phenomena may have been borrowed: cf. Godoberi, Botlikh, Lak, Archi. In all instances the assumed donor language is Avar.

7. In Upper Andi, many types of word forms agree in number, including adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, genitive dependents, universal quantifiers, numerals, several verb forms, and a part of adverbs.

8. Noun plural markers can be identical to other markers of plurality, namely adjectival plural agreement, verbal plural agreement, verbal number, allocutive plural agreement, or adverb plural agreement.

Papers and talks

The results of this study have been presented in the following papers. In all of them, I am the sole author.

Publications in journals recommended by HSE:

1. Zakirova, A. N. Soglasovanie po chislu v andijskom yazyke: ekspansiya iz paradigmy sushchestvitel'nykh [Number agreement in the Andi language: Expansion from the nominal paradigm] // Rodnoy Yazyk: linguistic journal. 2020, №2. C. 94-123 (journal recommended by HSE).

2. Zakirova, A. N. Soglasovanie prilagatel'nykh po chislu v nakhsko-dagestanskih yazykah: genealogicheskie i areal'nye zakonomernosti [Adjectives agreeing for number in the East Caucasian languages: genealogical and areal patterns]. // Rodnoy Yazyk: linguistic journal. 2022, №1. C. 5-49 (journal recommended by HSE).

3. Zakirova, A. N. Markirovanie glagola po chislu v nakhsko-dagestanskikh yazykakh [Number marking on the verb in the East Caucasian languages]. // The Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Studies in Literature and Language. 2022, №6 (accepted for publication, journal recommended by HSE).

Besides, two more papers have been published:

1. Zakirova A. N. Soglasovanie po chislu v zilovskom dialekte andijskogo yazyka [Number agreement in Zilo Andi] // Conference "Caucasian Languages: Typology and Diachrony" in honor of M. E. Alekseev. 23-24 October 2019. Institute of linguistics RAS, Moscow: Book of abstracts / I. G. Bagirokova, T. A. Maisak (eds.). Moscow, 2019.

2. Zakirova A. N. Soglasovanie po chislu v andijskikh dialektakh: glagol [Number agreement in Andi: verb forms] // T. A. Maisak, N. R. Sumbatova, Ja. G. Testelec (eds.). Durqasi xazna. Festschrift for Rasul Mutalov. Moscow, Buki Vedi, 2021. P. 94-114.

The main results and conclusions of the present study have been presented in 2019-2022 in oral presentations at both domestic and international conferences, including:

(1) 52nd Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea (21-24 August 2019, Leipzig University, Germany). Clausal agreement in Zilo Andi: number.

(2) Kavkazskie yazyki: tipologiya i diakhroniya [Caucasian languages: Typology and diachrony] (23-24 October 2019, IL RAS, Moscow). A. Zakirova. Soglasovanie po

chislu v zilovskom dialekte andijskogo yazyka [Number agreement in Zilo Andi].

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(3) Zvegincevskie chteniya - 2020. K 60-letiyu kafedry i otdeleniya teoreticheskoj i prikladnoj lingvistiki [Conference in honor of V. A. Zvegintsev] (30-31 October 2020, Moscow State University, online). A. Zakirova. Soglasovanie po chislu v andijskom: ekspansiya suffiksa -l iz paradigmy sushchestvitel'nogo [Number agreement in the Andi language: expansion from the nominal paradigm].

(4) Sixth workshop in Caucasus studies (9 July 2021, University of Jena, online). Evolution of suffixal number agreement in dialects of Andi.

(5) 54th Annual Meeting of the Societas Lingüistica Europaea (30 August-3 September 2021, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, online)..From noun plural to plural agreement: evidence from Andi dialects.

(6) Emerging Topics in Typology (25 October - 25 November 2021, University of Helsinki, online). From noun plural to plural agreement: evidence from Andi.

(7) Second International Conference Anatolia-The Caucasus-Iran (21-23 June 2022, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia). Adjectival number agreementin the East Caucasian languages.

(8) First International Linguistic-Anthropological Congress of Caucasologists (14-16 November 2022, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia). A. Zakirova. Soglasovanie po chislu v nakhsko-dagestanskikh yazykakh [Number agreement in East Caucasian].

(9) The first international conference organized by the European network on linguistics and languages of the Anatolia-Caucasus-Iran-Mesopotamia area (LACIM) (16-18 November 2022, Paris / online). Adjectival number agreement in East Caucasian: an overview

Заключение диссертации по теме «Другие cпециальности», Закирова Айгуль Наилевна

Conclusion

In this study, I have investigated specialized number marking in East Caucasian languages, focusing on the genealogical and areal patterns of their distribution in the NP domain and in the clause. Having described the distribution of number markers, I identified the diachronic patterns by which number marking can emerge and evolve. Besides, I undertook a detailed study of number marking in dialects of Andi, where I attempted to trace the origins of number agreement in Upper Andi.

Patterns of adjectival number agreement have been studied on a sample of 59 lects. These patterns turned out to vary a lot across different branches of the family. I identified languages with obligatory adjectival number agreement and languages without such agreement. In the remaining languages of the area, number agreement is present but limited to certain lexemes or is constrained by semantic factors, namely the full / short form of the adjective or, with less certainty, animacy.

The patterns observed allowed me to identify the following sources of number agreement: nominal plural markers, distributive marking and full (contrastive) morphology on adjectives.

The distribution of these patterns is of a genealogical nature, however, two areal patterns have also been identified: a plural agreement marker -l borrowed from Avar into Andic and a pattern of agreeing full forms of adjectives in the Avar-Lak-Dargwa zone, with Archi showing similar properties.

Number agreement on verbs has also been investigated. I found in this study that in all branches of East Caucasian there exist mechanisms of specialized number marking on verbs, which is lexically-conditioned. Lexically-conditioned marking may be expressed in the root by means of ablaut, infixes, or consonant alternations. Instances of grammatically-conditioned expression of number include imperatives and prohibitives. Such forms are frequent in the Lezgic branch, in some Dargwa lects, and in Upper Andi. In addition, Upper Andi features number marking on the verb which is grammatically-conditioned and not restricted to imperatives / prohibitives. This pattern, however, is optional and even rare.

Number marking with non-indicative forms allows for different analyses. At least in some East Caucasian languages imperatives and prohibitives mark the number of the addressee and not the number of the absolutive argument of the clause, but this is not enough for these patterns to be qualified as allocutivity.

However, at least three instances of allocutive number marking have been identified in Lak, Avar and Tanty Dargwa. The patterns found in Lak and Avar may be an instance of contact-induced grammaticalization, so they require a separate study.

Literature on agreement (Aikhenvald 2000: 388; Stolz 2015: 271; Matasovic 2018) presents conflicting opinions as to the possibility of borrowing of an agreement system. The East Caucasian data includes several cases where agreement-like phenomena may have been borrowed. Interestingly, in all instances the assumed donor language is Avar.

Finally, in Chapter 7 I zoomed in to study number marking across different lexical classes in dialects of Andi. I described an innovative system of specialized plural agreement in Upper Andi, which had evolved from a nominal plural marker -l. This marker can occur on adnominal dependents, some verb forms, and adverbs.

I tried to account for the Andi data using the mechanisms proposed in the literature for the evolution of agreement. Since I did not find the resulting explanations absolutely convincing, I attempted to reconstruct the expansion of -l using the data of the closely-related Andic languages. I proposed that the spread of -l was occurring in an already existing GN-agreement system, so one needs to take into account the properties of this initial system. Comparison with the closely related Andic languages shows that the initial gender-number marking system was ambiguous and, interestingly, it underwent different changes in different Andic languages, which eliminated this ambiguity. I propose that the expansion of -l was just one way in which the initial system could change.

Later in Chapter 7 I discussed the development of plural agreement on verb forms in Upper Andi and proposed that it can be explained by the participial origin of many verb forms. Likewise, I attempted to explain plural agreement on adverbs by their adjectival origin. This hypothesis turned out to a certain extent successful, yet it failed to explain a number of cases where verb forms of origin other than participial attach the plural marker -(V)l, or adverbs of origin other than adjectival attach -(V)l. The data of closely related languages may be helpful to determine whether the verb forms and adverbs in question are indeed nominal in nature. If this is not the case, agreement on unexpected targets should be attributed to analogical processes and studied separately.

In the present study, I compared lists of nominal number markers with lists of number markers found with adjectives and verbs. As a result, several types of diachronic developments have been identified:

• noun plural marker ^ adjectival plural agreement (e.g. Upper Andi, Meusisha Dargwa, Bezhta, etc.);

• noun plural marker ^ verbal plural agreement (e.g. Upper Andi);

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• noun plural marker ^ verbal number (e.g. in Hunzib);

• noun plural marker ^ allocutive plural agreement (e.g. in Lak)

• noun plural marker ^ adverb plural agreement (e.g. in Upper Andi)

Scenarios by which number agreement markers coincide or are similar in form with nominal plural markers are, of course, observed in languages outside Dagestan. For example, in most Turkic languages the plural suffix -lar serves as an agreement marker on verbal forms (Erdal 2004: 231; Matasovic 2018), and in at least one language of the family, namely Karaim, -lar attaches to adnominal modifiers (Matasovic 2018: 145-146). The West Circassian nominal plural marker -xe (Bagirokova et al. 2022) and Nivkh -yun (Gruzdeva 2022) mark subject agreement on verbs. The methodology of intragenetic comparison employed in this study could be applied to those languages to reconstruct the diachrony of plural marking.

Список литературы диссертационного исследования кандидат наук Закирова Айгуль Наилевна, 2023 год

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