Функционирование структуры «определённый артикль + существительное» в составе непрямой анафорической референции в англоязычном дискурсе (на материале художественной прозы и лингвистической литературы) тема диссертации и автореферата по ВАК РФ 10.02.04, кандидат наук Макарова Светлана Алексеевна

• Макарова Светлана Алексеевна
• кандидат наук
• 2022

Оглавление диссертации кандидат наук Макарова Светлана Алексеевна

Введение

Глава 1. Теоретические основы изучения системы артиклей в английском языке

1.1. Артикль как служебное слово

1.1.1. Теория референции: основные понятия и направления исследования

1.1.2. Теория референции в теоретических грамматиках английского язык

1.1.3. Теория референции в практических грамматиках английского языка

1.2. Артикль как вспомогательный компонент грамматической морфологической формы

1.3. Когнитивное направление в артиклеведении

1.3.1. Артикли и категоризация

1.3.2. Индивидуализация и инференция

1.4. Когнитивно-дискурсивные исследования анафорических отношений

Выводы к Главе

Глава 2. Структура «определённый артикль + существительное» в составе непрямой анафорической референции в англоязычном художественном дискурсе

2.1. Художественный дискурс: основные источники материала

2.2. Принципы отбора материала и методика анализа

2.3. Непрямая анафорическая референция в англоязычном художественном дискурсе: типы инференции

2.3.1. Семантически обусловленная инференция

2.3.1.1. Инференция и лексико-грамматическая вариативность

2.3.1.2. Инференция и лексико-семантическая вариативность

2.3.1.2.1. Синонимические отношения антецедента и анафор

2.3.1.2.2. Родовидовые отношения антецедента и анафора

2.3.1.2.3. Отношения антецедента и анафора через тематический ряд

2.3.1.2.4. Метонимические отношения антецедента и анафора

2.3.2. Прагматически обусловленная инференция

2.3.3. Семантическая и прагматическая обусловленность инференции

2.4. Индивидуализация и жанровое своеобразие художественного дискурса

2.4.1. Типы определённой референции в малых литературных формах

2.4.2. Непрямая анафорическая референция и жанровое своеобразие художественного произведения крупной формы

2.4.2.1. Дискурсивные особенности непрямой анафорической референции в юмористических романах Д. Лоджа

2.4.2.2. Дискурсивные особенности непрямой анафорической референции в философских романах Дж. Барнса

2.4.2.3. Дискурсивные особенности непрямой анафорической референции в романах Дж.К. Роулинг

Выводы к Главе

Глава 3. Структура «определённый артикль + существительное» в составе непрямой анафорической референции в англоязычном лингвистическом дискурсе

3.1. Семантически обусловленная инференция

3.1.1. Инференция и лексико-грамматическая вариативность

3.1.2. Инференция и лексико-семантическая вариативность

3.1.2.1. Синонимические отношения антецедента и анафора

3.1.2.2. Родовидовые отношения антецедента и анафора

3.1.2.3. Отношения антецедента и анафора через тематический ряд

3.1.2.4. Метонимические отношения антецедента и анафора

3.2. Прагматически обусловленная инференция

3.3. Семантическая и прагматическая обусловленность инференции

3.4. Индивидуализация и жанровое своеобразие научно-лингвистического дискурса

3.4.1. Типы определённой референции и дискурсивные особенности непрямой анафорической референции в грамматиках

3.4.2. Дискурсивные особенности непрямой анафорической референции

в сборнике научных статей М. Халлидея

3.4.3. Дискурсивные особенности непрямой анафорической референции

в монографиях Д. Кристала

3.4.4. Дискурсивные особенности непрямой анафорической референции

в монографии Р. Макнила, Р. Маккрама и У. Крэна

Выводы к Главе

Заключение

Список использованной литературы

Приложение А

Приложение Б

Введение диссертации (часть автореферата) на тему «Функционирование структуры «определённый артикль + существительное» в составе непрямой анафорической референции в англоязычном дискурсе (на материале художественной прозы и лингвистической литературы)»

Введение

Структура «определённый артикль + существительное» представляет собой одно из ряда средств в системе английского языка, служащих для грамматического обозначения индивидуализации предмета мысли, т.е. объекта экстралингвистической реальности, или референта [Смирницкий 1959: 380]. Её употребление обусловлено целым рядом причин, среди которых выделяется влияние предшествующей информации в дискурсе1 -антецедента. Закрепляя знание о предмете мысли на основании его первого упоминания, существительное с определённым артиклем становится анафорической2 референцией, а смысловое взаимодействие анафора и антецедента получает название анафорических отношений [ЛЭС 1990: 32, 410-411; Biber et al 1999: 263-264].

Традиционно выделяются две разновидности анафорической референции - прямая и непрямая [Quirk et al 1985: 267; Biber et al 2003: 263]. Прямая анафорическая референция выражается существительным с определённым артиклем, которое уже ранее встречалось в антецеденте. Другими словами, в основе этого явления лежит лексический повтор [Quirk et al 1985: 267-268; Biber et al 2003: 263-264]:

1. The island, however, still looked dismally distant, shrouded by a shower of rain that swept rapidly towards them across the intervening water [...] 'He's being very unfair to the rest of us, then,' Persse snapped, peering through the rain at the shore of the island, which the other two boats seemed to have reached safely. (Lodge, Small World)

При непрямой анафорической референции, напротив, для обозначения одного и того же референта в начале и в конце фрагмента дискурса используются различные языковые средства:

1 Индивидуализирующее влияние последующей информации на предмет мысли называется катафорической референцией [Biber et al 2003: 263].

2 «Указывающий на предшествующее слово или слова, отсылающий к ранее сказанному» [Ахманова 2004: 47].

2. All these years I've been walking around with a wound I never knew had been inflicted. All my friends must have known - they must have seen the knife sticking out between my shoulder-blades. (Lodge, Changing Places)

3. But we can observe it happening in the history of a human child. Semogenesis begins well before the mother tongue, as the infant creates his own protolanguage or 'child tongue'... (Halliday, On Grammar)3

Предметом настоящего диссертационного исследования является функционирование структуры «определённый артикль + существительное» в составе непрямой анафорической референции в англоязычном дискурсе. Объект изучения составляют (непрямые) анафорические отношения антецедента и анафора.

Актуальность темы обусловлена целым рядом причин. Во -первых, вследствие лексических различий между антецедентом и анафором непрямая анафорическая референция является сложным для восприятия явлением, требующим понимания роли определённого артикля в составе последнего. Это обстоятельство представляет особую трудность для русскоязычных изучающих английский язык даже на продвинутом этапе освоения, так как в грамматике их родного языка артикль отсутствует [Барда, Митчелл 2016: 9 -11]. Для них необходимость употребления нового для данного фрагмента дискурса существительного с определённым артиклем не всегда очевидна, что может привести к коммуникативной неудаче.

Во-вторых, несмотря на то, что непрямая анафорическая референция фиксируется в авторитетных грамматических справочниках, информация

3 Данное явление также называют косвенной референцией и понимают его довольно широко, что отражено в обзоре различных подходов к теории референции «Лингвистические проблемы референции» (1982), сделанном Н.Д. Арутюновой: «Понимание референции как субъективного акта, определяемого намерением говорящего, вызвало интерес к случаям косвенной референции - намекам и уловкам, к которым говорящие прибегают с разными целями: при желании высказаться о себе и в то же время не сделать никаких признаний, или нелестно отозваться об адресате и при этом избежать ответственности за свои слова. Механизм вуалирования референции всецело принадлежит прагматике» [Арутюнова 1982: 15].

представлена довольно скупо и нередко противоречиво, что не только не устраняет проблем, возникающих при изучении данного раздела английской грамматики, но и усугубляет их.

В-третьих, значительные трудности, связанные с установлением полного или частичного тождества референтов в анафоре и антецеденте, или кореферентности и, соответственно, необходимостью выведения смысла из ранее представленной информации, т.е. инференции, требуют глубокого и подробного изучения механизма анафорических отношений как в собственно языковом, так и когнитивном плане [ЛЭС 1990: 411]. Несмотря на то что попытки изучения непрямой анафорической референции на материале англоязычного дискурса уже предпринимались, усилия в основном были сосредоточены на местоименном выражении анафора [Биценко 2018]. Между тем, хотя система артиклей в английском языке, а точнее, артиклевые формы имени уже признаны неотъемлемым способом ментального процесса категоризации мира, роль определённого артикля в этом явлении остаётся малоизученной [Долгина 2010Ь].

Цель настоящего исследования состоит в раскрытии индивидуализирующей функции, выполняемой структурой «определённый артикль + существительное» в составе анафора, и изучении механизма взаимодействия референтов в антецеденте и анафоре для установления их тождественности.

Цель, объект и предмет исследования предполагают постановку и решение следующих задач:

1) систематизировать в качестве подготовительного этапа основные направления изучения английской артиклевой системы в целом и определённого артикля в частности, представленных в отечественной и зарубежной лингвистике;

2) выявить механизм и закономерности употребления непрямой анафорической референции в английском языке;

3) разработать методы синтаксического, семантического и прагматического анализа анафорических отношений в англоязычном дискурсе для выявления особенностей их лексико-грамматического выражения;

4) осуществить синтаксический, семантический и прагматический анализ анафорических отношений в дискурсе художественной прозы и лингвистической литературы с учётом индивидуализации, инференции и иных когнитивных процессов, сопровождающих употребление имени с определённым артиклем в составе непрямой анафорической референции;

5) составить типологическую классификацию разновидностей непрямой анафорической референции, свойственных дискурсу художественной прозы и лингвистической литературы, и провести их последующее сравнение;

6) выявить на основе собранного материала типы инференции, лежащие в основе когезии и когерентности художественного и лингвистического дискурсов;

7) определить роль и назначение непрямой анафорической референции в составе обеих разновидностей англоязычного дискурса;

8) установить соотношение непрямой анафорической референции и других типов определённой референции в указанных разновидностях англоязычного дискурса.

Теоретической основой исследования являются работы отечественных и зарубежных языковедов в области: 1) грамматики - Г. Суит, О. Есперсен, Р. Квёрк, А.И. Смирницкий, М.Я. Блох, Е.В. Тымчук, Е.А. Долгина и др.; 2) когнитивных исследований языка - Л.С. Выготский, Л.М. Веккер, Е.С. Кубрякова, О.В. Александрова, Л.А. Манерко и др.; 3) теории дискурса - Т.А. ван Дейк, Н.Д. Арутюнова, В.И. Заботкина, Н.Б. Гвишиани, В.В. Красных, Е.О. Менджерицкая, М.А. Сухомлинова и др.

Методы, применяемые в работе, включают описательный метод, когнитивный анализ, синтаксический анализ, семантический анализ, количественный анализ, сравнительный анализ.

В качестве источников материала были выбраны англоязычная художественная проза и лингвистическая литература. Художественный дискурс представлен произведениями Д. Лоджа: The British Museum is Falling Down (1965), Changing Places: A Tale of Two Campuses (1975), Small World: An Academic Romance (1984), Nice Work (1988), Therapy (1995), Thinks... (2001) и Deaf Sentence (2008); Дж. Барнса: Before She Met Me (1982), Flaubert's Parrot (1984), Talking it over (1991), England, England (1998), Love, etc. (2000), Arthur and George (2005), The Sense of an Ending (2011), The Only Story (2018) и Дж.К. Роулинг: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (1997), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000) и Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003). Указанные романы были дополнены также сборником рассказов The Best American Short Stories (2010), составленным Р. Руссо.

Лингвистическая литература представлена публикациями таких авторов, как Д. Кристал включая книгу, написанную в соавторстве с Б. Кристалом: The English Language: A Guided Tour of the Language (1988), Spell It Out: The singular story of English spelling (2012), Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation (2015), You Say Potato: A Book About Accents (2014); М. Халлидей, из работ которого для анализа был выбран сборник статей On Grammar (2002), а также Р. Маккрам, Р. Макнил и У. Крэн - авторы книги The Story of English (1992). Дополнительно были изучены грамматические справочники Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (2003) и Oxford Practice Grammar Advanced (2006).

Научная новизна работы определяется применением универсального комплексного когнитивно-дискурсивного метода исследования структуры «определённый артикль + существительное» в анафорических отношениях, учитывающего влияние экстралингвистических (ситуативных,

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прагматических) и языковых (синтаксических, семантических) факторов. Когнитивно-языковой механизм непрямой анафорической референции раскрывается в классификации типов инференции, при установлении которых учитывалась взаимосвязь процесса индивидуализации с другими когнитивными операциями.

Новым является также определение специфики непрямой анафорической референции в соотношении с другими видами референции, наблюдаемыми в каждой из двух разновидностей англоязычного дискурса -художественном и лингвистическом.

Теоретическая значимость настоящего исследования состоит в том, что полученные результаты вносят вклад в развитие таких областей знания, как артиклеведение, когнитивная грамматика, когнитивная семантика, теория референции и теория дискурса. Кроме того, разработанная методика комплексного когнитивно-дискурсивного анализа может применяться в сопоставительной грамматике для изучения анафорических отношений в разных языках.

Практическое значение данной работы обусловлено её когнитивно-дискурсивной направленностью и соответствующими выводами, которые помогут изучающим английский язык понять роль определённого артикля в анафорических отношениях, а также его зависимость от лексико -грамматических средств в предшествующем изложении, в том числе употребления нулевого и неопределённого артиклей. Поскольку для успешного освоения иностранного языка необходимо знание специфики мышления на нем, полученные выводы дадут возможность изучающим осознать связь индивидуализации с ментальными процессами, мотивирующими непрямую анафорическую референцию, и научиться отличать её от других типов референции в английском языке. Осознание принципов организации анафорических отношений в англоязычном дискурсе, а также их связи с жанровыми и стилистическими характеристиками текста необходимо будущим специалистам, так как

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способствует выработке навыков чтения, анализа и написания собственных текстов. Поэтому результаты данного исследования могут быть использованы как в теоретических курсах по грамматике, лексикологии, стилистике и теории дискурса, так и на практических занятиях по английскому языку на филологических факультетах университетов.

На защиту выносятся следующие положения:

1) Структура «определённый артикль + существительное», передавая значение индивидуализации при непрямой анафорической референции, представляет собой лексико-грамматический способ выражения выводного знания о референте как результата процесса инференции, или установления кореферентности между антецедентом и анафором.

2) При постоянном грамматическом оформлении анафора в виде имени существительного с определённым артиклем репрезентация антецедента отличается существенной морфологической и синтаксической вариативностью.

3) Эквивалентность анафорических отношений предполагает полную тождественность антецедента и анафора, отсылающих к неделимому предмету мысли (референт), а также двухчастную ситуацию, при которой компоненты называют причину и следствие или действие и результат. Неэквивалентность представляет собой отношения антецедента и анафора, называющих часть и целое.

4) При эквивалентности антецедента и анафора, называющих целостный предмет мысли, когнитивный процесс индивидуализации зависит от имплицитной классификации, при которой происходит идентификация референтов антецедента и анафора по их категориальной отнесённости. При эквивалентности антецедента и анафора, называющих двухчастный предмет мысли, а также частичной тождественности референтов имплицитная классификация усложняется имплицитными процессами анализа и синтеза, позволяющими соотнести причину и следствие, действие с результатом и целое с его частью.

5) Для выведения кореферентности необходимо сочетание как минимум двух факторов, из которых обязательным является синтаксический, сочетающийся либо с семантическим, либо с прагматическим. Среди них преобладающее действие оказывает объединение синтаксического и семантичеого факторов. Совокупность всех трёх факторов является наименее частотной.

6) Непрямая анафорическая референция является системным явлением и, входя в разряд определённой референции, занимает промежуточное положение между прямой анафорической референцией и ситуативно обусловленной референцией, так как её функционирование определяется как собственно языковыми, так и экстралингвистическими факторами.

7) В синтаксическом плане выведение кореферентности определяется структурой антецедента и анафорическим расстоянием между ним и анафором: чем распространённее антецедент и сложней синтаксическая конструкция между ним и анафором, тем труднее установить их эквивалентность.

8) Семантическая связь в анафорических отношениях осуществляется с помощью целого ряда языковых средств, обеспечивающих лексико -грамматическую и лексико-семантическую вариативность анафора и антецедента и способствующих установлению кореферентности. Механизм инференции определяется тем, насколько тесно семантически взаимодействуют используемые лексические средства.

9) Непрямая анафорическая референция обеспечивает тематическое развертывание дискурса и разнообразие языкового выражения, привлекая внимание адресата к существитенной детали изложения и помогая избежать лексического повтора.

10) Общими особенностями непрямой анафорической референции в англоязычной художественной и лингвистической литературе являются полная и частичная тождественность референтов и механизм инференции,

обусловленный взаимодействием когнитивного фактора с синтаксическим, семантическим и прагматическим факторами.

11) Основные различия между художественной и лингвистической литературой состоят в более высокой частотности и значимости данного типа артиклевой индивидуализации, большем разнообразии лексико-грамматических средств выражения, более широком диапазоне анафорического расстояния в художественном дискурсе, чем в лингвистическом. Кроме того, в художественной прозе отмечается значительный стилистический потенциал исследуемого явления, а также его более тесная связь с жанровым своеобразием произведения. Отличительной особенностью лингвистической литературы является слабая репрезентативность непрямой анафорической референции по сравнению с катафорической и прямой анафорической референцией.

Достоверность полученных результатов обеспечивается значительным объёмом и разнообразием анализируемого материала, а также широкой теоретической базой.

Апробация основных положений диссертации была проведена в форме докладов на VIII Международном конгрессе по когнитивной лингвистике «Cognitio и communicatio в современном глобальном мире» (Москва, 2018), на XXVI Международной научной конференции «Ломоносов» (Москва, 2019), на 14-й Международной конференции LATEUM "Language Communication Society: Current Challenges and Beyond" (Москва, 2021).

Основные выводы работы отражены в 4 публикациях, размещённых в рецензируемых научных изданиях, определённых в п.2.3 Положения о присуждении ученых степеней в Московском государственном университете имени М.В. Ломоносова.

Поставленные задачи определили структуру диссертации, которая состоит из Введения, трех Глав, Заключения, Списка использованной литературы и Приложения. В Главе 1, включающей четыре раздела, приводится обзор отечественных и зарубежных публикаций, раскрывающий

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состояние науки в области артиклеведения, теории референции и анафорических отношений, исследуемых в русле когнитивно-дискурсивной парадигмы. В Главе 2 проводится анализ функционирования структуры «определённый артикль + существительное» в англоязычном художественном дискурсе с целью раскрыть причины индивидуализации предмета мысли в зависимости от информации, представленной в антецеденте, для достижения связности (когезии) и общей целостности (когерентности) изложения. В Главе 3 представлено изучение существительных с определённым артиклем в англоязычном лингвистическом дискурсе в сопоставлении с наблюдениями, полученными на материале художественной прозы. В Заключении формулируются основные результаты проведённого исследования. Библиография включает 128 наименования и включает список научной литературы по проблемам, актуальным для диссертации, словари, а также дополнительно включает 20 исследуемых изданий, что в целом составляет 148 источников. Приложение А содержит материал, извлеченный из художественных произведений и классифицированный в соответствии с методикой анализа. В Приложении Б приводится аналогичная классификация фрагментов из лингвистической литературы.

Глава 1. Теоретические основы изучения артиклей и анафорических

отношений в английском языке

Теоретическую основу изучения непрямой анафорической референции, выражаемой в англоязычном дискурсе структурой «определённый артикль + существительное», составляют теория референции в её взаимосвязи с артиклеведением, а также теория дискурса. Эти аспекты требуют подробного рассмотрения, которое последовательно представлено в следующих разделах.

Изучение артиклей представляет собой обширную область в английской грамматике, которая характеризуется многочисленными теориями и подходами. Между тем, все они распределяются между двумя основными направлениями, которые связаны с определением статуса артикля в английском языке. Согласно одной точке зрения, артикль представляет собой служебное слово с ослабленным лексическим значением, образующее с именем существительным словосочетание. В соответствии с противоположными взглядами артикль есть вспомогательный элемент грамматической морфологической формы существительного. Анализу этих подходов, включая разбор теории референции, посвящены первые три раздела - 1.1., 1.2. и 1.3. Причём в разделе 1.3. освещается рассмотрение артиклей как способа выражения понятийных категорий, которое дало импульс развитию когнитивного направления в артиклеведении. Наконец, в разделе 1.4. представлены достижения когнитивно-дискурсивного подхода, применяемого к анализу анафорических отношений, в которых неотъемлемым грамматическим средством выражения является артикль.

1.1. Артикль как служебное слово

Основу рассмотрения артикля как служебного слова в зарубежной

лингвистике составляют положения Г. Суита, изложенные в его основном

труде A New English Grammar, Logical and Historical (1892, 1898), которые

существенным образом были развиты в трудах О. Есперсена: Language, its

nature, development and origin (1922), The Philosophy of Grammar (1924),

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Essentials of English Grammar (1933), A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (1954).

Опираясь на исторический принцип изучения артиклей и в этом смысле учитывая зарождение и формирование данных единиц в английском языке, Г. Суит и О. Есперсен относят их к классу местоименных прилагательных. В отличие от полнозначных слов - full words, артикли рассматриваются как единицы, лишенные собственного значения и имеющие только формальное выражение - empty words, form-words, mark words [Sweet 1892: 22; Sweet 1898: 54].

На начальном этапе артиклеведения, к которому относятся эти грамматики, было важно выявить факторы, обусловливающие использование определённого артикля. Так, объединяя его с лексическими единицами this и that в одну часть речи и относя их к определённым местоимениям (definite pronouns), выполняющим функцию прилагательного, Г. Суит разъясняет разницу между ними. В отличие от местоимений this и that определённый артикль является типичным референтным адъективным местоимением (typical reference adjective-pronoun) и осуществляет две различные функции. Во-первых, он употребляется в функции соотнесения - reference function, которая состоит в обозначении ранее названного предмета, и, во-вторых, - в функции идентификации - identifying function, когда определяемое им имя называет настолько хорошо известный предмет всем участникам ситуации, что приближает это существительное по значению к имени собственному [Sweet 1892: 83-84]. Интересно, что Г. Суит выделяет так называемую обратную референцию (back-reference), которая для полноты понимания нуждается в предшествующем тексте. Однако это обозначение является пока единичным термином, описывающим определённое языковое явление, и не входит в описание артиклевой системы в целом [Sweet 1898: 55-56].

Кроме того, Г. Суит отмечает способность определённого артикля вводить имя, обозначающее целый класс предметов, и в этом смысле на первый план выходит его функциональное сходство с неопределённым

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артиклем. Разъясняется и использование определённого артикля с существительными, обозначающими единичные предметы, при котором он становится уникальным [там же: 59-60].

В поисках места определённого артикля в системе частей речи О. Есперсен также рассматривает его вместе с определёнными местоимениями [Jespersen 1933: 113]. Он сравнивает определённый артикль с указательным местоимением that, обращая внимание не только на фонетическую ослабленность артикля, но и на разницу в значениях: вместо указания (pointing out), свойственного местоимению that, определённый артикль используется для того, чтобы обозначать предмет, упомянутый ранее или известный в силу самой ситуации («it serves to designate or single out»), и для этого О. Есперсен предлагает термин определяющий артикль (the defining / determining article) [там же: 122]. Вместе с тем он отказывается от выделения уникального артикля. В целом О. Есперсен подчеркивает, что определённый артикль в английском языке используется гораздо более умеренно, чем в других языках. Потребность в нём возникает только в тех случаях, если без него предмет, обозначаемый существительным, не будет достаточно уточнён [там же: 123-129].

Обращает на себя внимание также указание Г. Суита и О. Есперсена на необходимость при изучении функций артиклей учитывать взаимосвязь языка и мышления, о чём свидетельствуют следующие высказывания. Ср.:

«The lion is the king of beasts [...] In fact, the word king makes it impossible for us to think of more than one lion, although we know that the statement is meant to apply (figuratively) to lions in general» [Sweet 1898: 58].

«The chief use of the article is to indicate the person or thing that at the moment is uppermost in the mind of the speaker and presumably in that of the hearer too» [Jespersen 1933: 122].

Существенным вкладом Г. Суита и О. Есперсена является также вывод о необходимости различать разные виды опущения артикля, в том числе его

значащее отсутствие, что фактически свидетельствует о включении в систему нулевого артикля [Sweet 1898: 63-64; Jespersen 1933: 133-135].

Важным достижением в формировании теории артикля Г. Суита и О. Есперсена является описание функционирования артикля в зависимости от лексико-грамматических свойств определяемых им существительных, т.е. нарицательных и собственных, исчисляемых и неисчисляемых, абстрактных и конкретных [Sweet 1898: 58-61; Jespersen 1933: 123-128].

В отечественной артиклеведческой традиции ключевое место отводится взглядам А.И. Смирницкого, которые изложены в «Морфологии английского языка» (1959). Подобно Г. Суиту и О. Есперсену, А.И. Смирницкий придерживается исторического подхода и, относя артикли к определяющим служебным словам, считает их адъективными местоимениями особого типа с ослабленным значением [Смирницкий 1959: 386]. Отмечая, что и местоимения, и артикли выполняют одну указательную функцию, он подчеркивает меньшую семантическую весомость последних [там же: 387].

Особой заслугой А.И. Смирницкого для артиклеведения в целом является переработка разнообразных теорий артикля, бытовавших в первой трети ХХ-го в., а именно теорий актуализации, детерминации и индивидуализации. Результатом его научных обобщений явилось описание системы артиклей, в которую на основании функционального соответствия он включил нулевой артикль, или его значащее отсутствие, а также определение их значений: индивидуализация - для определённого артикля, классификация - для неопределённого артикля и обобщение, абстрагирование от индивидуализации и классификации - для нулевого артикля [там же: 380-387].

Значение индивидуализации состоит в том, что определённый артикль «характеризует предмет, обозначаемый существительным, как известный конкретный предмет, выделяемый из всего класса однородных с ним предметов» [там же: 380]. Классификация означает, что неопределённый

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артикль позволяет рассматривать предмет как любого представителя или одного из представителей класса. Благодаря этому значению, неопределённый артикль употребляется, когда подразумевается не только один представитель, но и весь класс [там же: 382]. Наконец, как следует из рассуждений автора, значащее отсутствие артикля можно сопоставить с использованием неопределённого или определённого артикля, потому что оно несёт семантическую нагрузку. Нулевой артикль употребляется, когда не подразумевается ни классификация, ни индивидуализация, и приобретает значение обобщения, когда «существует класс, в который может быть включён данный предмет» [там же: 385].

Список литературы диссертационного исследования кандидат наук Макарова Светлана Алексеевна, 2022 год

Список источников:

1. Barnes J. Arthur and George. London: Jonathan Cape. 2005. - 352 p.

2. Barnes J. Before She Met Me. London: Jonathan Cape. 1982. - 183 p.

3. Barnes J. England, England. London: Jonathan Cape p. 1999. - 272 p.

4. Barnes J. Flaubert's Parrot. London: Jonathan Cape. 1984. - 190 p.

5. Barnes J. Love, etc. London: Jonathan Cape. 2000. - 249 p.

6. Barnes J. Talking it over. London: Jonathan Cape. 1991. - 278 p.

7. Barnes J. The Only Story. London: Jonathan Cape. 2018. - 273 p.

8. Barnes J. The Sense of an Ending. London: Jonathan Cape. 2011. - 163 p.

9. Lodge D. Changing Places: A Tale of Two Campuses. - London: Secker & Warburg. 1975. - 234 p.

10. Lodge D. Deaf Sentence. - London: Harvill Secker. 2008. - 294 p.

11. Lodge D. Nice Work. London: Secker & Warburg. 1988. - 277 p.

12. Lodge D. Small World: An Academic Romance. London: Secker & Warburg. 1984. - 339 p.

13. Lodge D. The British museum is falling down. - London: McGibbon and Kee. 1965. -198 p.

14. Lodge D. Therapy. - London: Secker & Warburg. 1995. - 329 p.

15. Lodge D. Thinks. London: Secker & Warburg. 2001. - 341 p.

16. J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. - London: Bloomsbury. 1998. - 251 p.

17. J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. - London: Bloomsbury. 2000. 636 p.

18. J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. - London: Bloomsbury. 2003. - 766 p.

19. J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. - London: Bloomsbury. 1997. - 223 p.

20. J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. - London: Bloomsbury. 1999. - 317 p.

Приложение А. Структура «определённый артикль + существительное» в составе непрямой анафорической референции в англоязычном художественном дискурсе

Инференция и лексико-грамматическая вариативность

1. She stood on her toes to kiss him on the lips, linked arms and drew him towards the exit. 'Tell me all about it,' she said. He told her in rambling, disconnected sentences. It wasn't just the shock of relief: as once before, the unexpected kiss had melted some glacier within him. (Lodge, Changing Places)

2. He let out a gasp of pain. The words had appeared on the parchment in what appeared to be shining red ink. At the same time, the words had appeared on the back of Harry's right hand, cut into his skin as though traced there by a scalpel - yet even as he stared at the shining cut, the skin healed over again, leaving the place where it had been slightly redder than before but quite smooth. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

3. As a sign of this new status, he decides to grow a moustache. It takes far longer than he imagines, allowing Greenway and Stentson to ask repeatedly if he would like them to club together and buy him a bottle of hair tonic. When the growth finally covers the full breadth of his upper lip, they begin calling him a Manchoo. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

4. Wormtail screamed, screamed as though every nerve in his body were on fire, the screaming filled Harry's ears as the scar on his forehead seared with pain; he was yelling too... (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

5. 'Is Grandpa going to die?'

'No, honey,' says Carrie.

'It's possible,' Ralph says at the same moment.

Carrie flashes Ralph an angry look.

'There's no point pretending,' he says defensively.

'And there's no point assuming the worst.'

'I wasn't assuming the worst. But we might as well be prepared for the possibility.' (Lodge, Thinks...)

6. SOME OF YOU may be wondering what I am doing on this platform, presuming to address you on the subject of this conference. I assure you that no one is more surprised by the presumption than I am. (Lodge, Thinks...)

7. We'd argued about it beforehand. The usual argument. (Barnes, Talking it over)

8. In the rather old-fashioned kitchen of the high-ceilinged apartment on the Boulevard Huysmans, Michel Tardieu grinds coffee beans by hand (for he cannot bear the shriek of a Moulinex) and wonders idly why Siegfried von Turpitz should have wanted so urgently to speak to Jacques Textel that he tried to phone him at 7.30 in the morning. Michel Tardieu is himself acquainted with Textel, a Swiss anthropologist who once occupied the chair at Berne, but moved into international cultural administration and is now somebody quite important in UNESCO. It is time, Michel reflects, that he and Textel had lunch together.

As he finishes the grinding, he hears the front door of the apartment slam. (Lodge, Small World)

9. The subject of Adam's thesis had originally been, 'Language and Ideology in Modern Fiction' but had been whittled down by the Board of Studies until it now stood as, 'The Structure of Long Sentences in Three Modern English Novels.' The whittling down didn't seem to have made his task any easier (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down).

10. In 1849 Gustave reads his first full-length adult work, La Tentation de saint Antoine, to his two closest friends, Bouilhet and Du Camp. The reading takes four days, at the rate of eight hours per day. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

11. First, Fred would take a bite out of the orange end of a chew, at which he would vomit spectacularly into a bucket they had placed in front of them. Then he would force down the purple end of the chew, at which the vomiting would immediately cease. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

12. Because it is no longer just a question of her lying to you. When she does so, you have two choices: call her out on it, or accept what she says. Usually, out of weariness and a desire for peace-and yes, out of love-you accept what she says. You condone the lie. (Barnes, The Only Story)

13. 'Why Jerusalem?'

'Why not? It's a draw, a novelty. It's a place people want to see, but it's not on the regular tourist circuit. Also the Jerusalem Hilton offers very competitive rates in the summer because it's so goddam hot.' [...]

'Great! It will be controversial. Bring Hilary along for the ride.'

'Hilary?' Philip looked disconcerted. 'Oh, no, I don't think she could stand the heat.' (Lodge, Small World)

14. He had been given the scooter by its former owner, his father-in-law, when the latter's firm had provided him with a small car. At the time, he had regarded the gift as one of astounding generosity... (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down)

15. When I stepped into the flat and looked round, after half a minute of mouth-open astonishment, I laughed. I laughed till the tears rolled down my cheeks and I had to lean against the wall and finally sit down on the floor. The laughter was a touch hysterical, no doubt, but it was genuine. (Lodge, Therapy)

16. The consultant recommended an arthroscopy. That's a new kind of hitech microsurgery, all done by television and fibre-optics. The surgeon pumps water into your leg to create a kind of studio in there, and then sticks three needle-thin instruments into it. (Lodge, Therapy)

17. I'd met very few scientists and I thought of them as dull, nerdy types obsessed with boring and incomprehensible things like electrons and neutrons. Messenger was totally different from the stereotype. (Lodge, Thinks...)

18. It's just that when people read your books because they know you, it tends to distort the reading experience. (Lodge, Thinks...)

19. The English Department had changed its quarters since his arrival at Rummidge. It was now situated on the eighth floor of a newly built hexagonal

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block, one of those he had surveyed from the Inner Ring. The changeover had taken place in the Easter vacation amid much wailing and gnashing of teeth. (Lodge, Changing Places)

20. I never did dream much. Which simply means, I understand, that I don't remember my dreams, because we dream all the time we're asleep, so they say. It's as if there's an unwatched telly flickering all night long inside my head. The Dream Channel. (Lodge, Therapy)

21. A National Guard helicopter clattered over the Euphoric State campus yesterday, spraying white tear gas over some 700 students and faculty trapped in Howie Plaza by a tight ring of guardsmen. The gas attack was authorized by Miranda County Sheriff Hank O'Keene. (Lodge, Changing Places)

22. "The situation is getting uglier here. Some windows have been smashed, and catalogue cards in one of the small specialist libraries scattered over the floor. Every lunch hour there is a ritual confrontation which I watch from the balcony outside my room. A large crowd of students, hostile to the police if not positively sympathetic to the strikers, gathers to watch the pickets parading. Eventually someone is jostled, the police intervene, the crowd howls and screams, rocks are thrown, and out of the scrimmage the police come running, dragging some unfortunate student behind them and take him to a temporary lockup under the Administration building, pursued by the hooting mob. [letter 1] [...] Do think about it seriously, darling, and don't be put off by the student troubles." [letter 2] (Lodge, Changing Places)

Инференция и лексико-семантическая вариативность

Синонимические отношения антецедента и анафора

23. This time it was the one-armed centaur, galloping in front of Dumbledore, that took the blast and shattered into a hundred pieces, but before the fragments had even hit the floor, Dumbledore had drawn back his wand and waved

it as though brandishing a whip. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

24. She drew with her wand in midair and a fiery 'X' appeared on the door. No sooner had the door clicked shut behind them than there was a great rumbling, and once again the wall began to revolve very fast, but now there was a great red-gold blur in amongst the faint blue and, when all became still again, the fiery cross still burned, showing the door they had already tried. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

25. She had a mental image of herself sitting in a luxurious hotel room, with a basket of fruit on the dressing table and a bottle of champagne in a bucket of melting ice, waiting impatiently for Messenger to extricate himself from some conference seminar or official reception, and she did not relish the picture. (Lodge, Thinks...)

26. A man with a brown leathery face and hooded eyes bowed just perceptibly to Morris Zapp as he passed, accompanied by a sulky-looking youth in tight black trousers. "That's Michel Tardieu," Morris murmured. "He's another likely contender for the UNESCO chair. The kid is supposed to be his research assistant. (Lodge, Small World)

27. The question of accumulation. If life is a wager, what form does the bet take? At the racetrack, an accumulator is a bet which rolls on profits from the success of one horse to engross the stake on the next one. (Barnes, The Sense of an Ending)

28. The Hogwarts Express, a gleaming scarlet steam engine, was already there, clouds of steam billowing from it, through which the many Hogwarts students and parents on the platform appeared like dark ghosts. Pigwidgeon became noisier than ever in response to the hooting of many owls through the mist. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

29. The last thing anyone felt like doing was spending two hours on the grounds on a raw January morning, but Hagrid had provided a bonfire full of salamanders for their enjoyment, and they spent an unusually good lesson

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collecting dry wood and leaves to keep the fire blazing while the flame-loving lizards scampered up and down the crumbling, white-hot logs. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

Гипо-гиперонимические отношения антецедента и анафора

30. The other month I was doing a forest scene and found a wild boar someone had painted out. This completely changed the picture. (Barnes, Talking it over)

31. The other month I was doing a forest scene and found a wild boar someone had painted out. This completely changed the picture. It seemed to be of horsemen having a nice peaceful ride in the wood - picnickers, almost - until I discovered the animal, when it became perfectly clear that it had been a hunting scene all along. (Barnes, Talking it over)

32. "Well, now we know what to do next time I can't manage a spell," Harry said, throwing a rune dictionary back to Hermione, so he could try again, "threaten me with a dragon. Right. . . " He raised his wand once more. "Accio Dictionary!"

The heavy book soared out of Hermione's hand, flew across the room, and Harry caught it. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

33. I have new neighbours: a young couple have moved into the maisonette next door. When I got back from Horseshoes yesterday evening I saw there was a car in the drive and lights on behind the curtains. This morning I saw the new occupants go off for a jog together, and popped out to introduce myself when they returned, glowing and panting from their exercise. (Lodge, Thinks...)

34. I guess they wanted to experience a real male chauvinist pig before the species became extinct. (Lodge, Small World)

35. We all like hire purchase. But we rarely read the small print when we make the deal. (Barnes, Talking it over)

36. Besides, I remember the end of L'Education sentimentale. Frédéric and his companion Deslauriers are looking back over their lives. Their final, favourite memory is of a visit to a brothel years before, when they were still schoolboys. They had planned the trip in detail, had their hair specially curled for the occasion, and had even stolen flowers for the girls. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

37. «Some rich builder and his wife were coming to dinner and Uncle Vernon was hoping to get a huge order from him (Uncle Vernon's company made drills) [...]

«With any luck, I'll have the deal signed and sealed before the news at ten. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets)

38. 'Him with his sprinklers on at three in the morning!'), then a helicopter that had almost crashed in a field in Surrey, then a famous actress's divorce from her famous husband ('As if we're interested in their sordid affairs,' sniffed Aunt Petunia, who had followed the case obsessively in every magazine she could lay her bony hands on). (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix )

39. A loud, echoing crack broke the sleepy silence like a gunshot; a cat streaked out from under a parked car and flew out of sight; a shriek, a bellowed oath and the sound of breaking china came from the Dursleys' living room, and as though this was the signal Harry had been waiting for he jumped to his feet, at the same time pulling from the waistband of his jeans a thin wooden wand as if he were unsheathing a sword--but before he could draw himself up to full height, the top of his head collided with the Dursleys' open window. The resultant crash made Aunt Petunia scream even louder.

Harry felt as though his head had been split in two. Eyes streaming, he swayed, trying to focus on the street to spot the source of the noise, but he had barely staggered upright when two large purple hands reached through the open window and closed tightly around his throat. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

40. My entire oeuvre seemed to be saturated in grease. I'd never realized I was so obsessed with the stuff. (Lodge, Small World)

41. I made myself a ham sandwich, but the meat was too cold from the fridge to have any flavour, and drank a can of beer that filled my stomach with gas (Lodge, Therapy)

42. At the same moment, Dumbledore brandished his wand in one long, fluid movement--the snake, which had been an instant from sinking its fangs into him, flew high into the air and vanished in a wisp of dark smoke; and the water in the pool rose up and covered Voldemort like a cocoon of molten glass.

For a few seconds Voldemort was visible only as a dark, rippling, faceless figure, shimmering and indistinct upon the plinth, clearly struggling to throw off the suffocating mass. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

43. "They wanted Dumbledore fer Minister, o' course, but he'd never leave Hogwarts, so old Cornelius Fudge got the job. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

44. Dudley had emerged from his last encounter with a fully grown wizard with a curly pig's tail poking out of the seat of his trousers, and Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon had had to pay for its removal at a private hospital in London. It wasn't altogether surprising, therefore, that Dudley kept running his hand nervously over his backside, and walking sideways from room to room, so as not to present the same target to the enemy. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

45. Both Harry's and the Death Eater's wands flew out of their hands and soared back towards the entrance to the Hall of Prophecy; both scrambled to their feet and charged after them, the Death Eater in front, Harry hot on his heels, and Neville bringing up the rear, plainly horrorstruck by what he had done.

'Get out of the way, Harry!' yelled Neville, clearly determined to repair the damage. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix

46. People goggled through the bars at him as he lay, starving and weak, on a bed of straw. He saw Dobby's face in the crowd and shouted out, asking for help, but Dobby called, "Harry Potter is safe there, sir!" and vanished. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets)

47. A man stood in the doorway, leaning upon a long staff, shrouded in a black traveling cloak. Every head in the Great Hall swiveled toward the stranger, suddenly brightly illuminated by a fork of lightning that flashed across the ceiling. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

48. This had only one occupant, a man sitting fast asleep next to the window. Harry, Ron, and Hermione checked on the threshold. The Hogwarts Express was usually reserved for students and they had never seen an adult there before, except for the witch who pushed the food cart.

The stranger was wearing an extremely shabby set of wizard's robes that had been darned in several places. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

49. 'Well, take the words dog and cat. There's no absolute reason why the combined phonemes d-o-g should signify a quadruped that goes 'woof woof rather one that goes 'miaou'. It's a purely arbitrary relationship, and there's no reason why English speakers shouldn't decide that from tomorrow, d-o-g would signify 'cat' and c-a-t, 'dog'.

'Wouldn't it confuse the animals?' said Persse" (Lodge, Small World).

50. However, you might have been more impressed by a statistical linkage of which you were then unaware: that the partners of alcoholics, far from being repulsed by the habit-or rather, despite being repulsed by the habit-frequently succumb to it themselves. (Barnes, The Only Story)

51. All alcoholics are liars.

This was, obviously, not based on a huge sample or broad research.

But I believed it at the time, and now, decades later, with more field experience, I believe it to be an essential truth about the condition. (Barnes, The Only Story)

52. High, high above the North Pole, on the first day of 1969, two professors of English Literature approached each other at a combined velocity of 1200 miles per hour. They were protected from the thin, cold air by the pressurized cabins of two Boeing 707s, and from the risk of collision by the prudent

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arrangement of the international air corridors. Although they had never met, the two men were known to each other by name. (Lodge, Changing Places)

53. Halted on the inside lane, Robyn catches the eye of a young West Indian with Rastafarian dreadlocks, hunched in the entrance of a boarded-up shop, and smiles: a friendly, sympathetic, anti-racist smile. To her alarm the young man immediately straightens up, takes his hands out of the pockets of his black leather jacket, and comes over to her car, stooping to bring his head level with the window. (Lodge, Nice Work)

Отношения антецедента и анафора через тематический ряд

54. Fortunately it was a quiet day on campus and the vigil seemed unlikely to provoke a breach of the peace. (Lodge, Changing Places)

55. If they don't have cars of their own it's difficult for students to travel to Cheltenham or Gloucester, and there's not much incentive to make the effort. (Lodge, Thinks...)

56. "Rosier is dead," said Crouch. "He was caught shortly after you were too. He preferred to fight rather than come quietly and was killed in the struggle. " (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

57. It has become clear to the examiners in recent years that candidates are finding it increasingly difficult to distinguish between Art and Life. Everyone claims to understand the difference, but perceptions vary greatly. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

58. I thought, Oh no, when I marry, if I marry, things have got to be straight, out in the open. I'm not going to play games or have secrets. But it seems to be starting already. Perhaps it's inevitable. Do you think the institution doesn't work otherwise? (Barnes, Talking it over)

59. But it made Alfred Wood a little more relieved that he had never himself come near to marrying. He did not see the benefit of the arrangement. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

60. I flew to Prague from Bristol via Amsterdam rather than take a direct flight from London to avoid the tedious journey to and from Heathrow or Gatwick, but now Carrie has to meet me at Birmingham and drive me to Bristol so I can pick up my car which I left there . . . I just phoned her to make the arrangement and she wasn't too pleased, can't say I blame her . . . (Lodge, Thinks...)

61. On the 6th of August 1885 Arthur and Touie were married at St. Oswald's, Thornton-in-Lonsdale, in the county of Yorkshire. The groom was twenty-six, the bride twenty-eight. Arthur's best man was not a fellow member of the Southsea Bowling Club, of the Portsmouth Literary and Scientific Society, or of Phoenix Lodge No. 257. The Mam had made all the arrangements, and Arthur's best man was Bryan Waller, who seemed to have taken over as future provider of velvet dresses, gold glasses, and comfortable seats by the fire. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

62. They waited till their various children had done whatever exams they were doing that summer before breaking it to them that they were getting married. By that time the children had guessed that their parents were seriously involved and accepted the union with resignation and in some cases approval. (Lodge, Deaf Sentence)

63. She wanted Graham home now, safe; she also wanted him under a bus, stretched and burned across a tube line, impaled on the driving shaft of the car. The two wishes coexisted; they didn't even begin to war. (Barnes, Before she met me)

64. Harry wanted very much to ask whether Mr. Crouch had stopped calling Percy "Weatherby" yet, but resisted the temptation. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

65. Harry longed to bite the man . . . but he must master the impulse . . . he had more important work to do . . . (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

66. For a split second, Harry considered telling Ron that he wouldn't tell him a single word, that he could try a taste of being kept in the dark and see how

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he liked it. But the nasty impulse vanished as they looked at each other. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

67. Early yesterday morning late-night revellers were astonished by the sight of a young man clad in pyjamas speeding through the streets of London. Herman Hopple, the British Olympic coach, spotted the mystery runner when returning to his Bloomsbury hotel, and having a stopwatch in his pocket, timed him at 1 minute 28.5 seconds as he lapped the British Museum before disappearing in the direction of Battersea. (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down)

68. Used to beat me up with a hockey stick when I was barely weaned. Or was it a billiard cue? All because I looked like my mother. All because she died when I was six and he couldn't bear the resemblance. (Barnes, Love, etc)

69. 'You,' said Joy. 'She takes after you.'...

'Not sure, but you must admit the likeness is striking.' (Lodge, Small World)

70. The point is, I know that Sebastian isn't a stereotype, because I based him partly on Martin. Martin recognized the resemblance, and didn't mind - was rather tickled in fact - and so did most of our friends. (Lodge, Thinks...)

71. 'She had been swimming, you see - I met her wading out of the sea, wearing a two-piece bathing suit, her hair wet and her limbs gleaming.' 'Like Venus,' Persse breathes, closing his eyes to picture the scene more vividly.

'Quite so, the analogy struck me also'. (Lodge, Small World)

72. Aunt Petunia was compulsively straightening cushions. Uncle Vernon was pretending to read the paper, but his tiny eyes were not moving, and Harry was sure he was really listening with all his might for the sound of an approaching car. Dudley was crammed into an armchair, his porky hands beneath him, clamped firmly around his bottom. Harry couldn't take the tension; he left the room and went and sat on the stairs in the hall, his eyes on his watch and his heart pumping fast from excitement and nerves. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

73. An extraordinary lightness seemed to spread through his whole body and the next second, in a rush of wings, they were flying upward through the pipe.

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Harry could hear Lockhart dangling below him, saying, "Amazing! Amazing! This is just like magic!" The chill air was whipping through Harry's hair, and before he'd stopped enjoying the ride, it was over-all four of them were hitting the wet floor of Moaning Myrtle's bathroom, and as Lockhart straightened his hat, the sink that hid the pipe was sliding back into place. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets)

74. «At first he had planned simply to buy the Island. Several thousand acres of farmland had been acquired from pension funds and the Church Commissioners in exchange for bonds in his new venture; the next step was to persuade Westminster to sell him «sovereignty. It did not seem an improbable idea. The last bits of Empire were currently being disposed of in this - to Sir Jack -entirely rational way. Earlier colonies had departed in a flurry of sudden principle hastened by guerrilla warfare. With the final outposts, sensible economic criteria applied: Gibraltar was sold to Spain, the Falkland Islands to Argentina. Of course, this was not how the handovers were presented, by either vendor or purchaser; but Sir Jack had his sources.

These sources also reported, disappointingly, that Westminster had hardened its position on selling the Isle of Wight to a private individual. Specious objections of national integrity had been adduced. Despite pressure from Sir Jack's loyal group of backbenchers, the Government simply refused to put a price on sovereignty. Not for sale, they said. This had made Sir Jack a little huffy at first, but he soon regained his humour. There was something inherently unsatisfactory about the straight deal, after all. (Barnes, England, England)

75. They were less pleased about sharing a home, but in due course their departures to various colleges and careers solved the problem. (Lodge, Deaf Sentence)

76. One evening, just after 6:10, George has returned his season ticket to his pocket and is placing his umbrella over his forearm when he becomes aware of a figure falling into step beside him.

"Keeping well, are we, young sir?"

It is Upton, fatter and more red-faced than all those years ago, and probably more stupid too. George does not break stride.

"Good evening," he replies briskly.

"Enjoying life, are we? Sleeping well?"

At one time George might have felt alarmed, or stopped to await Upton's point. But he is no longer like that.

"Not sleepwalking, anyway, I hope." George consciously increases his pace, so that the Sergeant is now obliged to puff and pant to keep up. "Only, you see, we've flooded the district with specials. Flooded it. So even for a so-li-ci-tor to sleepwalk, oh yes, that would be a bad idea." Without pausing in his step, George casts a scornful glance in the direction of the empty, blustering fool. "Oh yes, a so -li-ci-tor. I hope you're finding it useful, young sir. Forewarned is forearmed as they say, unless it be the other way round."

George does not tell his parents about the incident. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

77. Hermione had not even opened her copy of Defensive Magical Theory. She was staring fixedly at Professor Umbridge with her hand in the air.

Harry could not remember Hermione ever neglecting to read when instructed to, or indeed resisting the temptation to open any book that came under her nose. He looked at her enquiringly, but she merely shook her head slightly to indicate that she was not about to answer questions, and continued to stare at Professor Umbridge, who was looking just as resolutely in another direction.

After several more minutes had passed, however, Harry was not the only one watching Hermione. The chapter they had been instructed to read was so tedious that more and more people were choosing to watch Hermione's mute attempt to catch Professor Umbridge's eye rather than struggle on with 'Basics for Beginners'.

When more than half the class were staring at Hermione rather than at their books, Professor Umbridge seemed to decide that she could ignore the situation no longer. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

78. Why do you think Stuart didn't tell me he wasn't married any more ? He certainly had the opportunity. (Barnes, Love, etc)

79. When I was a medical student some pranksters at an end-of-term dance released into the hall a piglet which had been smeared with grease. It squirmed between legs, evaded capture, squealed a lot. People fell over trying to grasp it, and were made to look ridiculous in the process. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

80. It was like a country remembering its history: the past was never just the past, it was what made the present able to live with itself. The same went for individuals, though the process obviously wasn't straightforward. (Barnes,

England, England)

81. "They can't do that without my agreement, can they?" "I'm afraid they can," said Jake, swivelling his chair to pull open a drawer, and avoiding my eye in the process. (Lodge, Therapy)

82. She drew out a chair, knocking over the one beside it in the process. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

83. The bear became extremely angry with the fly, and eventually seized a huge stone and succeeded in killing it. Unfortunately, in the process he beat the gardener's brains out. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

84. 'It is to be a peaceful, non-violent protest, the organizers insist,' he read. 'But local citizens, hearing estimates that 50,000 may converge on Plotinus for the occasion, from places as far away as Madison and New York, are apprehensive. (Lodge, Changing Places)

85. He sings 'Tambourine Man' nervously at first, but gradually warming to the task, and putting on a plausible imitation of Dylan's nasal whine. (Lodge, Small World)

86. Professor Morgana had looked as if she was capable of kicking up a royal fuss, but the occasion had not arisen. (Lodge, Small World)

87. 'It is to be a peaceful, non-violent protest, the organizers insist,' he read. 'But local citizens, hearing estimates that 50,000 may converge on Plotinus

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for the occasion, from places as far away as Madison and New York, are apprehensive. (Lodge, Changing Places)

88. Then a Mayor of Rouen who was keen on statues rediscovered the original plaster cast - made by a Russian called Leopold Bernstamm - and the city council approved the making of a new image. Rouen bought itself a proper metal statue in 93 per cent copper and 7 per cent tin: the founders, Rudier of Chatillon-sous-Bagneux, assert that such an alloy is guarantee against corrosion. Two other towns, Trouville and Barentin, contributed to the project and received stone statues. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

89. As a young man, he had been the victim of an ill-starred passion; the experience had made him misanthropic, and now he lived alone with his parrot. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

90. Spent all yesterday and most of today reading the students' work-in-progress, their major projects for the year, novels (or in two cases collections of short stories) which they started last semester under Russell Marsden's supervision, or brought up to the University with them, already under way. I feel rather jaded by the experience. (Lodge, Thinks.)

91. Ron had become an instant celebrity. For the first time in his life, people were paying more attention to him than to Harry, and it was clear that Ron was rather enjoying the experience. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

92. He was more convinced by an elderly psychic he met at the house of General Drayson. After various preparations of a rather thespian nature, the old man went into a heavy-breathing trance and began dispensing both advice and spirit communications to his small, hushed audience. Arthur had come fully armed with scepticism-until the misted-over eyes were directed towards him, and a frail, distant voice pronounced the words,

"Do not read Leigh Hunt's book."

This was more than uncanny. For some days, Arthur had been privately wondering whether or not to read Hunt's Comic Dramatists of the Restoration. He

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had not discussed the matter with anyone; and it was hardly a dilemma with which he would bother Touie. But then to be given such a precise answer to his unvoiced question . . . It could not be a magician's trick; it could only have happened through the ability of one man's mind to gain access in a so far inexplicable way to another man's mind.

Arthur was so persuaded by the experience that he wrote it up for Light. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

93. Though it would be theoretically possible to travel up to London and back in the morning, it would be an awful fag, and to be honest I'm not sufficiently motivated to make the effort. (Lodge, Thinks...)

94. There was nothing very difficult about editing, was there? With luck he could finish the job by June and get his Ph.D. (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down)

95. "My steeds require - er - forceful 'andling," said Madame Maxime, looking as though she doubted whether any Care of Magical Creatures teacher at Hogwarts could be up to the job. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

96. "Yes, that's exactly what I want. And I am going to destroy myself, because I am a worthless person. So stop bothering me with your well-intentioned meddling. Just let me get on with the job." (Barnes, The Only Story)

97. "I'm -- er -- not supposed ter do magic, strictly speakin'. I was allowed ter do a bit ter follow yeh an' get yer letters to yeh an' stuff -- one o' the reasons I was so keen ter take on the job. " (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

98. The contract for the first series had been drawn up a long time ago, when I was just another scriptwriter, with no particular clout. Clause fourteen said that if they asked me to write further series based on the same characters, and I declined, they could employ other writers to do the job, paying me a token royalty for the original concept. (Lodge, Therapy)

99. And why. . . why. . . was Dumbledore so convinced that Snape was truly on their side? He had been their spy, Dumbledore had said so in the Pensieve.

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Snape had turned spy against Voldemort, "at great personal risk. " Was that the job he had taken up again? (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

100. This brings clause fourteen into operation, and means that I have twelve weeks in which to make up my mind whether to write Priscilla out of the script myself, or let someone else do the deed. (Lodge, Therapy)

101. "A pit pony has been found . . ." Campbell hesitated briefly, given the presence of women, ". . . in a field nearby . . . someone has injured it."

102. "And you suspect my son George of the deed." (Barnes, Arthur and George)

103. "You mean, kill the show at the end of this series?"

"Perhaps it's reached the end of its natural life." I wasn't sure whether I believed this, but I discovered to my surprise that I wasn't unduly bothered by the prospect. (Lodge, Therapy)

104. You may find Ollie rather baroque, but that's only the facade. (Barnes, Talking it over)

105. "Mr. Malfoy, what a pleasure to see you again," said Mr. Borgin in a voice as oily as his hair. "Delighted-and young Master Malfoy, too-charmed. How may I be of assistance? I must show you, just in today, and very reasonably priced-

"I'm not buying today, Mr. Borgin, but selling," said Mr. Malfoy.

"Selling?" The smile faded slightly from Mr. Borgin's face. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets)

106. Sometimes you only need a tiny detail from real life to set your imagination working in a completely different direction from the original anecdote, so that the person who told it to you won't even recognize it in the finished novel. (Lodge, Thinks...)

107. A booth run by a sly peasant with a Picardy accent advertised 'a young phenomenon': it turned out to be a five-legged sheep with a tail in the shape of a trumpet. Flaubert was delighted, both with the freak and with its owner. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

108. I went out into the almost deserted campus. It was like a graveyard or a ghost town. Everybody had left for the weekend except foreign students who had nowhere else to go, or had been unprepared for the sudden exodus. (Lodge, Thinks...)

109. Carrie went off to Heathrow the next morning in a huge hired Daimler with a dark-suited driver, as if to a funeral, wearing a black topcoat and a grim expression. She spoke only of practical arrangements over breakfast, and offered me her cheek, not her mouth, to kiss when we parted. Hope looked on anxiously, picking up the bad vibrations, so I gave her an extra big hug and cracked a joke to make her smile. (Lodge, Thinks...)

110. I went to London to see Dad yesterday, a duty visit which I make every four weeks or so. If I describe this one in some detail it will serve as a record of most of the others, since the routine seldom varies. (Lodge, Deaf Sentence)

111. Well, briefly, this place was set up with an endowment from Holt Belling plc - the VC at that time was friendly with the Chairman of their Board. They provided the capital expenditure and half the running expenses, the University paying the other half. The agreement is renewed every five years. (Lodge, Thinks...)

112. I started training in social work after I left university. I didn't last very long. But I remember something a counsellor said on one of the courses. (Barnes, Talking it over)

113. Graham had once seen an illustration of the human body in which the size of each part was represented according to the sensitivity of its surface area: the resulting homunculus displayed an enormous head with African lips, hands like baseball gloves, and a thin, pickled body in between. (Barnes, Before she met me)

114. When Harry walked in there was a sudden hush, and then everybody started talking loudly at once. He slipped into a seat between Ron and Hermione at the Gryffindor table and tried to ignore the fact that people were standing up to look at him.

Fortunately, Dumbledore arrived moments later. The babble died away. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

115. Just had a phone call to say they found the cause of the problem . . . a mouse . . . not a computer mouse, a real mouse, with four legs and whiskers . . . it bit through a wire and electrocuted itself - they found the corpse. I'm off. (Lodge, Thinks...)

116. "Come on, run, run!" Harry yelled at Hermione, trying to pull her toward the door, but she couldn't move, she was still flat against the wall, her mouth open with terror.

The shouting and the echoes seemed to be driving the troll berserk. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

117. Lavender giggled harder than ever, with her hand pressed hard against her mouth to stifle the sound. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

118. We shall start by practicing relaxing the conscious mind and external eyes --" Ron began to snigger uncontrollably and had to stuff his fist in his mouth to stifle the noise -- "so as to clear the Inner Eye and the superconscious. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

119. Shortly after Ralph gets home, O'Keefe's receptionist rings to say that Mr Henderson can see him at the Abbey Hospital in Bath at eleven-thirty on Monday morning. Ralph accepts the appointment. (Lodge, Thinks...)

120. At this, Winky howled even harder, her squashed-tomato of a nose dribbling all down her front, though she made no effort to stem the flow. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

121. Persse paid little attention to the lecture, which was about the problem of identifying the authentically Shakespearean portions of the text of 'Pericles', being preoccupied himself with the problem of exactly what Angelica had meant by her proposal, the night before, that they should re-enact 'The Eve of St Agnes'. By pointedly telling him the number of her room that morning, she seemed to have confirmed the arrangement. (Lodge, Small World)

122. At the end of the first week Mr. Bostock tests them at reading, spelling and sums. He announces the results on Monday morning, and then they move desks. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

123. Madam Pince held the note up to the light, as though determined to detect a forgery, but it passed the test. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets)

124. All the doing of the little bitch who had sold him her ticket, less than half-price, he couldn't resist the bargain but wondered at the time at her generosity since only a week before he'd refused to raise her course-grade from a C to a B. (Lodge, Changing Places)

125. ...but before he could draw himself up to full height, the top of his head collided with the Dursleys' open window. The resultant crash made Aunt Petunia scream even louder. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

126. 'We're not going to waste our last year here, though,' said Fred, looking affectionately around at the Great Hall. 'We're going to use it to do a bit of market research, find out exactly what the average Hogwarts student requires from a joke shop, carefully evaluate the results of our research, then produce products to fit the demand.' (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

127. Quite a lot of students and staff were milling about, and a long-haired youth with a KEEP KROOP button in the lapel of his suede jacket informed Philip that the building was being checked out for a bomb allegedly planted during the night. The search, he understood, might take several hours; but as he was turning away it ended quite suddenly with a muffled explosion high up in the building and a tinkle of shattered glass. (Lodge, Changing Places)

128. Staff in Linguistics were offered the alternative options of transferring to another department if they could find one that was willing to have them, or severance on enhanced terms, or early retirement if they were old enough to qualify. His colleagues in Linguistics were up in arms about the proposal, claiming variously that it was a covert way for the University to shed staff, or a cunning plot

devised by English to boost their submission to the next Research Assessment Exercise. (Lodge, Deaf Sentence)

129. Well, let's not leave them here, they don't add much to the decor. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

130. Affairs - affairs are - I don't know - like buying a time-share apartment in Marbella or something.' Then he froze in mid-stride and glanced wildly over as if expecting me to be cross at the comparison. (Barnes, Talking it over)

131. 'Marriage comes after love as smoke comes after fire.' You remember? Chamfort. Was he saying only that marriage is the inescapable consequence of love, that we cannot have one without the other? A piece of wisdom that is not worth writing down, no? So he is inviting us to look at the comparison more exactly. (Barnes, Love, etc)

132. "He's from Durmstrang!" spat Ron. "He's competing against Harry! Against Hogwarts! You - you're -" Ron was obviously casting around for words strong enough to describe Hermione's crime, "fraternizing with the enemy, that's what you're doing!" (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

133. James was still playing with the Snitch, letting it zoom further and further away, almost escaping but always grabbed at the last second. Wormtail was watching him with his mouth open. Every time James made a particularly difficult catch, Wormtail gasped and applauded. After five minutes of this, Harry wondered why James didn't tell Wormtail to get a grip on himself, but James seemed to be enjoying the attention. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

134. George was pleased to observe a slight change in Cooper's tone; as if he knew he were being led somewhere but could not yet make out the destination. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

135. Harry pulled one of Dudley's massive arms around his own shoulders and dragged him towards the road, sagging slightly under the weight. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

136. "In Euphoria now it's, what, seven or eight hours earlier than in London, or is it later? Do you add or subtract? Is it still the day he left on, or tomorrow already? Or yesterday? Let's see, the sun comes up in the east... He frowns with mental effort, but the sums won't make sense" (Lodge, Changing Places).

137. The only sign of the stress within is that he cannot stop smiling. People remark on how cheerful he looks. He shakes his head and smiles, smiles. His cheek muscles are aching from the strain, but he cannot relax them. (Lodge, Small World)

138. They had placed themselves awkwardly, as if some choreographer had told Jeff to throw his arm roundDr Max's shoulders in a spirit of camaraderie, but neither could bring himself to effect, or accept, the gesture. (Barnes, England, England)

139. Michael, the good-looking sporty one with-so Ann assured him-an engaging way of shaking his head and blinking shyly at you. That was how Ann had described him. Graham thought of him as the prick with the tic. (Barnes, Before she met me)

140. "Me," said Moody grimly. "And unless you've got anything to say to Potter, Karkaroff, you might want to move. You're blocking the doorway. "

It was true; half the students in the Hall were now waiting behind them, looking over one another's shoulders to see what was causing the holdup. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

141. Still thirty, he projects a seemingly more probable life, but one which proves equally to be a not-life. He and Bouilhet play at imagining themselves old men, patients in some hospice for incurables: ancients who sweep the streets and babble to one another of that happy time when they were both thirty and walked all the way to La Roche-Guyon. The mocked senility was never attained: Bouilhet died at forty-eight, Flaubert at fifty-eight. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

142. I went to see her before she died. This was not long ago-at least, as time goes in a life. She didn't know that anyone was there, let alone that it might be me.

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I sat in the chair provided. Playing through the scene beforehand, I had hoped that in some way she might recognise me, and that she would look peaceful. (Barnes, The Only Story)

143. "'I'm afraid she must have thought me very rude - I just couldn't keep my eyes off her as she was towelling herself. She had been swimming, you see - I met her wading out of the sea, wearing a two-piece bathing suit, her hair wet and her limbs gleaming.

'Like Venus,' Persse breathes, closing his eyes to picture the scene more vividly". (Lodge, Small World)

144. He wants to take a cab straight to Jean's flat, lead her out on to the pavement, put her arm through his, and walk her past Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey and the Houses of Parliament. And with him still in his cricket clothes. And shouting, "I am Arthur Conan Doyle and I am proud to love this woman, Jean Leckie." He visualizes the scene. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

145. Morris was shown into a well-appointed suite on the second floor, and stepped out on to his balcony to inhale the air, scented with the perfume of various spring blossoms, and to enjoy the prospect. Down on the terrace, the other resident scholars were gathering for the pre-lunch aperitif - he had glimpsed the table laid for lunch in the dining-room on his way up: starched white napery, crystal glass, menu cards. He surveyed the scene with complacency. (Lodge, Small World)

146. Morris was shown into a well-appointed suite on the second floor, and stepped out on to his balcony to inhale the air, scented with the perfume of various spring blossoms, and to enjoy the prospect. Down on the terrace, the other resident scholars were gathering for the pre-lunch aperitif - he had glimpsed the table laid for lunch in the dining-room on his way up: starched white napery, crystal glass, menu cards. He surveyed the scene with complacency. (Lodge, Small World)

147. I have not been treated with such condescension since I was an impecunious doctor in Southsea attempting to persuade a rich patient that he was entirely healthy when he insisted on being at death's door."

"And what did you do? In Southsea, I mean.

"What did I do? I repeated that he was as fit as a fiddle, he replied that he didn't pay a doctor to tell him that, so I told him to find a different specialist who would diagnose whatever ailment he found it convenient to imagine."

Jean laughs at the scene, her amusement tinged with a little regret that she was not there, could never have been there. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

148. Nowadays, when I remember Ellen, I try to think of a hailstorm that berated Rouen in 1853. 'A first-rate hailstorm,' Gustave commented to Louise. At Croisset the espaliers were destroyed, the flowers cut to pieces, the kitchen garden turned upside down. Elsewhere, harvests were wrecked, and windows smashed. Only the glaziers were happy; the glaziers, and Gustave. The shambles delighted him: in five minutes Nature had reimposed the true order of things upon that brief, factitious order which man conceitedly imagines himself to be introducing. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

149. Goyle's potion exploded, showering the whole class. People shrieked as splashes of the Swelling Solution hit them. Malfoy got a faceful and his nose began to swell like a balloon; Goyle blundered around, his hands over his eyes, which had expanded to the size of a dinner plate-Snape was trying to restore calm and find out what had happened. Through the confusion, Harry saw Hermione slip quietly into Snape's office. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets)

150. The first in-the-ear one I bought had a fiddly volume control like a tiny studded wheel which you twisted with the tip of your forefinger, as if trying to insert a screw into your head, but they got more and more sophisticated over the years, and my latest one is digitals has three programs (for quiet conditions, noisy conditions and loop), adjusts itself automatically on the first two, or can be manually adjusted with a remote control concealed in my watch (very James Bond). Unfortunately the technology seems to have hit a ceiling and it's unlikely that there's going to be a great improvement in the near future. (Lodge, Deaf Sentence)

151. Over a cup of tea he began to reminisce. Like all deaf people he finds it easier to talk than to listen, and I was happy to let him. Having heard all his stories

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many times before I don't have to pay much attention in order to follow and respond appropriately. Something, probably the drizzle that had started to fall outside, darkening the tarmac of the car park, had reminded him of coming back from India at the end of the war to be demobbed, after a nine-month tour of duty in a small Air Force band. He has polished the phrasing of the story in the course of many repetitions. 'We docked at Southampton, and took a train to London. It was raining, but we didn't mind. It was lovely soft English rain, and the country looked so green! We hadn't seen any green for months. Only dust. "Dust, spit and spiders, that's India," as Arthur Lane used to say. "If the Indians want it back, they're welcome to it."The green of the fields and the trees, coming up through Hampshire, was incredible, like water to a man dying of thirst. It was as if we were trying to drink England. We couldn't get enough of it. We hung out of the windows as the train went along, getting soaked with the rain, not caring. And Arthur Lane - trust Arthur - he opened the door of our carriage - you know, the trains had separate compartments in those days, with doors - he pushed the door wide open and sat on the floor with his feet hanging out over the wheels, just staring at the fields, saying "Unbelievable, un-bloody-believable".' Dad chuckled at the memory. (Lodge, Deaf Sentence)

152. But the other readers were not so confident. Clasping their notebooks to their breasts, as if the former were precious jewels snatched from the cabins of a foundering ship, they milled about the door begging to be let out. One lady tottered forward to the official and pressed a huge pile of typewritten sheets into his unwilling arms. 'I don't care about myself,' she said, weeping, 'but save my doctoral dissertation.'

Beyond the doorway, similar disorder prevailed. Some readers stood on their desks, and gazed about hopefully for rescue. Pushing his way through the crowds Adam nearly tripped over a prostrate nun, saying her rosary. Nearby, a negro priest, hurriedly collecting his notes on St Thomas Aquinas, was being urged to hear someone's confession. A few courageous and stoical souls continued working calmly at their books, dedicated scholars to the last. One of them betrayed his inner

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tension by lighting a cigarette, evidently reasoning that normal fire precautions were now redundant. He was immediately drenched with chemical foam by an over-enthusiastic fireman. Shouts and cries violated the hallowed air which had hitherto been disturbed by nothing louder than the murmur of subdued conversation, or the occasional thump of dropped books. The dome seemed to look down with deep disapproval at the anarchic spectacle. (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down)

153. "Crouch's own son was caught with a group of Death Eaters who'd managed to talk their way out of Azkaban. Apparently they were trying to find Voldemort and return him to power. "[...]

"I was in Azkaban myself when he was brought in. This is mostly stuff I've found out since I got out. The boy was definitely caught in the company of people I'd bet my life were Death Eaters - but he might have been in the wrong place at the wrong time, just like the house-elf. "[...]

"Crouch let his son off? I thought you had the measure of him, Hermione! Anything that threatened to tarnish his reputation had to go; he had dedicated his whole life to becoming Minister of Magic. You saw him dismiss a devoted house-elf because she associated him with the Dark Mark again - doesn't that tell you what he's like? Crouch's fatherly affection stretched just far enough to give his son a trial, and by all accounts, it wasn't much more than an excuse for Crouch to show how much he hated the boy. . . then he sent him straight to Azkaban. " [...]

"I saw the dementors bringing him in, watched them through the bars in my cell door. He can't have been more than nineteen. They took him into a cell near mine. He was screaming for his mother by nightfall. He went quiet after a few days, though. . . they all went quiet in the end. . . except when they shrieked in their sleep. . . . "[...]

That boy looked pretty sickly when he arrived. Crouch being an important Ministry member, he and his wife were allowed a deathbed visit. That was the last time I saw Barty Crouch, half carrying his wife past my cell. She died herself, apparently, shortly afterward. Grief. Wasted away just like the boy. Crouch never

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came for his son's body. The dementors buried him outside the fortress; I watched them do it. "[...]

"One moment, a hero, poised to become Minister of Magic. . . next, his son dead, his wife dead, the family name dishonored, and, so I've heard since I escaped, a big drop in popularity. Once the boy had died, people started feeling a bit more sympathetic toward the son and started asking how a nice young lad from a good family had gone so badly astray. The conclusion was that his father never cared much for him. So Cornelius Fudge got the top job, and Crouch was shunted sideways into the Department of International Magical Cooperation. "[...]

This, then, must have been why Crouch had overreacted to Winky being found beneath the Dark Mark. It had brought back memories of his son, and the old scandal, and his fall from grace at the Ministry. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

154. "I'm not sure whether they hibernate or not," Hagrid told the shivering class in the windy pumpkin patch next lesson. "Thought we'd jus' try and see if they fancied a kip... we'll jus' settle 'em down in these boxes...

There were now only ten skrewts left; apparently their desire to kill one another had not been exercised out of them. Each of them was now approaching six feet in length. Their thick gray armor; their powerful, scuttling legs; their fire-blasting ends; their stings and their suckers, combined to make the skrewts the most repulsive things Harry had ever seen. The class looked dispiritedly at the enormous boxes Hagrid had brought out, all lined with pillows and fluffy blankets.

"We'll jus' lead 'em in here," Hagrid said, "an' put the lids on, and we'll see what happens."

But the skrewts, it transpired, did not hibernate, and did not appreciate being forced into pillow-lined boxes and nailed in. Hagrid was soon yelling, "Don panic, now, don' panic!" while the skrewts rampaged around the pumpkin patch, now strewn with the smoldering wreckage of the boxes. Most of the class - Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle in the lead - had fled into Hagrid's cabin through the back door and barricaded themselves in; Harry, Ron, and Hermione, however, were among

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those who remained outside trying to help Hagrid. Together they managed to restrain and tie up nine of the skrewts, though at the cost of numerous burns and cuts; finally, only one skrewt was left.

"Don' frighten him, now!" Hagrid shouted as Ron and Harry used their wands to shoot jets of fiery sparks at the skrewt, which was advancing menacingly on them, its sting arched, quivering, over its back. "Jus' try an slip the rope 'round his sting, so he won hurt any o' the others!"

"Yeah, we wouldn't want that!" Ron shouted angrily as he and Harry backed into the wall of Hagrid's cabin, still holding the skrewt off with their sparks.

"Well, well, well. . . this does look like fun."

Rita Skeeter was leaning on Hagrid's garden fence, looking in at the mayhem. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

Причинно-следственные отношения, ситуация и результат как разновидности отношений антецедента и анафора через тематический ряд

155. I admitted to feeling in low spirits, but not the reason. (Lodge, Thinks...)

156. Her father had been dead some thirty-five years and more. His drinking had got worse and worse; oesophageal cancer was the result. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

157. Famous Harry Potter goes where he wants to, with no thought for the consequences. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

158. 'I need to find out a bit more about it. I'd like to book you in for an ultrasound scan as soon as possible, and do an endoscopy at the same time. That's a visual examination of the stomach and small intestine, using fibre optics.'[...]

'I can arrange to be,' says Ralph. 'When will you get the results?' (Lodge, Thinks...)

159. Harry turned his Firebolt upward and was soon twenty feet above the game. Out of the corner of his eye, he saw Cho following him . . . She'd decided to

mark him rather than search for the Snitch herself. . . All right, then. . . if she wanted to tail him, she'd have to take the consequences... (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

160. "Because, Doyle, you cannot understand the ending until you know the beginning." Anson was now starting to enjoy himself. His blows were hitting home, one by one. "George Edalji had good reason to hate the district of Wyrley. Or thought he did."

"So he took revenge by killing livestock? Where's the connection?" (Barnes, Arthur and George)

161. When told that he would serve six months' separate rather than just three, George did not complain, or even ask the reason. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

162. Harry could not help noticing that a lot of people stared back at him with great interest and that several of them nudged their neighbours and pointed him out. After he had met this behaviour in five consecutive carriages he remembered that the Daily Prophet had been telling its readers all summer what a lying show-off he was. He wondered dully whether the people now staring and whispering believed the stories. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

163. As we were stacking the dishwasher she mentioned casually that she was writing a book, a historical novel set in San Francisco at the time of the great earthquake in 1906. Apparently she has some old family papers - letters and diaries - from the period, to draw on for material. She thinks it will have a ready-made readership in contemporary California where everybody is obsessed with earthquakes. 'The trouble is, I don't know how much historical background to put in,' she said. 'It's basically a family story.' Somehow I found myself offering to read the manuscript. (Lodge, Thinks...)

164. He is painted that year by Sidney Paget, sitting straight-backed in an upholstered tub chair, frock coat half open, fob chains on show; in his left hand a notebook, in his right a silver propelling pencil. His hair is now receding above the

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temples, but this loss is made irrelevant by the compensating glory of the moustache: it colonizes his face above and beyond the upper lip and extends in waxed toothpicks out beyond the line of the earlobes. It gives Arthur the commanding air of a military prosecutor; one whose authority is endorsed by the quartered coat of arms in the top corner of the portrait. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

165. This was another social skill women were meant to learn: when a man's story had come to an end. Mostly, it wasn't a problem, as the end was thumpingly obvious; or else the narrator started snorting with laughter in advance, which was always a pretty good clue. (Barnes, England, England)

166. It [The Daily Prophet] was now full of articles about how to repel dementors, attempts by the Ministry to track down Death Eaters and hysterical letters claiming that the writer had seen Lord Voldemort walking past their house that very morning . . . (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix)

167. He [Edward] was quite all right - placidly eating strips of wallpaper which Dominic was tearing off the wall. Adam made Edward spit them out and, holding the moist pulp in his outstretched hand, proceeded to the bedroom. (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down)

168. You asked us a question and she knows the answer! (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

169. 'You're serious. You're bloody serious, aren't you?'

Graham leaned across the dinner table and gently took Ann's wrist.

'Did you?' he said quietly, as if a louder voice would disturb the answer. (Barnes, Before she met me)

170. Graham suddenly realized that he couldn't remember whether or not Ann actually had committed adultery with Pitter. Onscreen, yes, of course, that was what had driven him, turbulent with jealousy, to Turnpike Lane and Romford in the last few days. But offscreen? He knew he'd asked her, months ago, but found he simply couldn't remember the answer. (Barnes, Before she met me)

171. Candidates must answer four questions: both Parts of Section A, and two questions from Section B. All marks will be awarded for the correctness of the answers... (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

172. Is he faithful to Gillian? Don't tell me if you know the answer. (Barnes, Love, etc)

173. I suppose you could say I chose myself when I declined Alexandra's offer to put me on Prozac, but it didn't feel like an act of existential self-affirmation at the time. More like a captured criminal holding out his wrists for the handcuffs. (Lodge, Therapy)

174. Ron and Hermione, caught by surprise, stared at Harry, then laughed and started applauding hard with the rest of the crowd.

"There you go. Harry!" Ron shouted over the noise. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

175. "Confuse it!" Harry said desperately to Ron, and, seizing a tap, he threw it as hard as he could against the wall.

The troll stopped a few feet from Hermione. It lumbered around, blinking stupidly, to see what had made the noise. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

176. "We've been hearing explosions out of their room for ages, but we never thought they were actually making things," said Ginny. "We thought they just liked the noise." (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

177. "We've been hearing explosions out of their room for ages, but we never thought they were actually making things," said Ginny. "We thought they just liked the noise." (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

178. ...there was a kind of tropical storm... Pythagoras Drive was like a river in flood. The rain swept in great folds across the beam of the headlights, drummed on the roof and almost overpowered the windscreen wipers. (Lodge, Changing Places)

179. Hilary was four months pregnant when they sailed back to England in September... They rented a damp and draughty furnished flat in Rummidge for six

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months, and after the baby had arrived they moved to a small, damp and draughty terraced house. (Lodge, Changing Places)

180. All these years I've been walking around with a wound I never knew had been inflicted. All my friends must have known - they must have seen the knife sticking out between my shoulder-blades. (Lodge, Changing Places)

181. So he married his girlfriend, and they talked about starting a family, and she became pregnant and had the baby... (Barnes, Love, etc)

182. My field is psycholinguistics, language acquisition in young children. I have published the odd paper. (Lodge, Therapy)

183. Imagine if you could put a wire into every brain in a concert hall and watch the scan patterns - would they all be the same? (Lodge, Thinks...)

184. Three days after the second Telegraph article appeared, Arthur and Mr. Yelverton were received at the Home Office by Mr. Gladstone, Sir Mackenzie Chambers and Mr. Blackwell. It was agreed that the proceedings should be considered private. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

185. As he did so he heard the sound of footsteps on the pavement behind him. He was tempted to stop and skulk against a wall while the pedestrian passed on, but knew that if he hesitated again he would never recover his resolution. (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down)

186. At the every end of the passage a door stood ajar, and a flickering light shone through the gap, casting a long sliver of gold across the black floor. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

187. Mrs. Dursley was thin and blonde and had nearly twice the usual amount of neck, which came in very useful as she spent so much of her time craning over garden fences, spying on the neighbors. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

Метонимические отношения антецедента и анафора

Анафор как часть:

188. Hagrid lived in a small wooden house on the edge of the forbidden forest. A crossbow and a pair of galoshes were outside the front door. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

189. Adam went in. It was a large bare kitchen. There were some wooden chairs and a table and a lot of empty beer bottles in one corner. On the walls were some bull-fighting posters. (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down)

190. In a cafe in a covered shopping precinct at the centre of Rummidge, Marjorie and Sandra Wilcox are sipping coffee, debating what colour shoes Sandra should buy. The walls of the cafe are covered with tinted mirrors, and soft syncopated music oozes from speakers hidden in the ceiling. (Lodge, Nice Work)

191. It was cool and dark in there, with lit windows all along the walls. Behind the glass, all sorts of lizards and snakes were crawling and slithering over bits of wood and stone. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

192. Satisfied, she retraces her steps until she comes to a Ladies' cloakroom. In the mirror over the washbasin she applies pancake makeup, lipstick and eyeliner, and combs her hair. Then she locks herself in one of the cubicles. (Lodge, Nice Work)

193. The English Department had changed its quarters since his arrival at Rummidge. It was now situated on the eighth floor of a newly built hexagonal block, one of those he had surveyed from the Inner Ring [...] The exterior had been faced with glazed ceramic tiles guaranteed to resist the corrosion of the Rummidge atmosphere for five hundred years, but they had been attached with an inferior adhesive material and were already beginning to fall off here and there. (Lodge, Changing Places)

194. " She works at a cabaret, Blue Heaven, on the Achterburg Wal."

"Where's that?"

"Turn right at the end of the street, then over the bridge. You will see the sign." (Lodge, Small World)

195. However, here and there was a tent so obviously magical that Harry could hardly be surprised that Mr. Roberts was getting suspicious. Halfway up the

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field stood an extravagant confection of striped silk like a miniature palace, with several live peacocks tethered at the entrance. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

196. 'Here we are,' said Mr. Weasley brightly, pointing at an old red telephone box, which was missing several panes of glass and stood before a heavily graffitied wall. 'After you, Harry. '

He opened the telephone-box door. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix)

197. Suddenly freed from Masters' despotic rule after thirty years, the Rummidge English Department was stunned and frightened by its own liberty, it was going round and round in circles like a rudderless ship, no, more like a ship whose tyrannical captain had unexpectedly fallen overboard one dark night, taking with him sealed instructions about the ship's ultimate destination. The crew kept coming out of habit to the bridge for orders, and were only too glad to take them from anyone who happened to be occupying the captain's seat. (Lodge, Small World)

198. He feels like the captain of a sleeping ship, alone at the helm, steering his oblivious crew through dangerous seas. (Lodge, Nice Work)

199. Sometimes, lying prone on the massage table, you feel a shadow pass over you and if you look up quickly enough you catch a glimpse of a huge plane swooping silently over the rooftops, so close you can pick out the white faces of passengers at the portholes. (Lodge, Therapy)

200. You know that dream where you're driving along in a car, except the steering wheel doesn't work—or rather, it works just enough for you to still believe in it, which is a big mistake—and the same with the brakes and the gears, and all the time the road's descending and you're going faster, and sometimes the roof starts pressing down on you and the driver's door pushing in so that you can barely turn the wheel or reach the pedals ... . (Barnes, Love, etc)

201. I heard a car starting up in the street outside and went to the front door just in time to see a white car turning the corner at the end of the street. Well, it

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looked white under the street-lighting, but it could have been silver. I didn't have a good enough view to identify the make. (Lodge, Therapy)

202. A bronze-coloured Maserati coupe which until now he had seen only in magazines, priced at something over $50,000, drew his attention, but it was some moments before he realized that Fulvia was seated at the wheel behind its tinted glass and beckoning him urgently to get in. (Lodge, Small World)

203. "Look, food!" said Ron.

On the other side of the dungeon was a long table, also covered in black velvet. They approached it eagerly but next moment had stopped in their tracks, horrified. The smell was quite disgusting. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets)

204. He put the neck of a beer bottle between his teeth and pulled off the metal cap. (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down)

205. The manufacturer's name was usually found on the underside of chairs, wasn't it? Adam wondered whether he might turn his chair upside down for inspection, but decided that it would attract too much attention. He looked round: no one was watching. He deliberately dropped a pencil on the floor, and bent down to recover it, peering under his seat the while. He dimly discerned a small nameplate but could not read the inscription. (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down)

206. He ushered them into a chilly parlour, smelling faintly of mildew and mothballs, and switched on an electric fire in the hearth. Simulated coals lighted up, though not the element. (Lodge, Small World)

207. Jerry Batson took out a silver snuff-box, sprang open the lid, launched the contents of a tensed thumb-hollow up each nostril, and sneezed without conviction into a paisley handkerchief. (Barnes, England, England)

208. He just went out in a rowboat in a lake near home one evening and shot himself with a hunting rifle.'

'Perhaps it was an accident,' I said.

'He had the barrel in his mouth,' she said, 'and he used his toe to pull the trigger.' (Lodge, Deaf Sentence)

209. A white tennis dress with green trim, and a line of green buttons down the front of the bodice. (Barnes, The Only Story)

210. This time it was the one-armed centaur, galloping in front of Dumbledore, that took the blast and shattered into a hundred pieces, but before the fragments had even hit the floor, Dumbledore had drawn back his wand and waved it as though brandishing a whip. A long thin flame flew from the tip; it wrapped itself around Voldemort, shield and all. For a moment, it seemed Dumbledore had won, but then the fiery rope became a serpent, which relinquished its hold on Voldemort at once and turned, hissing furiously, to face Dumbledore. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix)

211. Dumbledore gave a great sniff as he took a golden watch from his pocket and examined it. It was a very odd watch. It had twelve hands but no numbers; instead, little planets were moving around the edge. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

212. They were standing on the edge of a huge chessboard, behind the black chessmen, which were all taller than they were and carved from what looked like black stone. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

213. Ron also started teaching Harry wizard chess. This was exactly like Muggle chess except that the figures were alive, which made it a lot like directing troops in battle. Ron's set was very old and battered. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

214. Today there is a small package on top of the tray. Arthur halfheartedly slides out the contents. (Barnes, Arthur and George)

215. The Hogwarts staff, demonstrating a continued desire to impress the visitors from Beauxbatons and Durmstrang, seemed determined to show the castle at its best this Christmas. When the decorations went up, Harry noticed that they were the most stunning he had yet seen inside the school. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

216. Besides, I remember the end of L'Education sentimentale. Frédéric and his companion Deslauriers are looking back over their lives. Their final, favourite memory is of a visit to a brothel years before, when they were still schoolboys. They had planned the trip in detail, had their hair specially curled for the occasion, and had even stolen flowers for the girls. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

217. What about that fellow some of the divorce firms use? Goes into hotel rooms and catches the husband with the maid? (Barnes, Arthur and George)

218. I went to my GP first. He recommended physiotherapy. After a while, the physiotherapist recommended that I see a consultant. (Lodge, Therapy)

219. 'No, it's only some hoax.'

'A hoax, you think?'

'Bound to be. Shouldn't like to be the hoaxer when they catch him.' (Lodge, The British Museum is Falling Down)

220. On the other side of the pillar, at the foot, Maestro Matteo has carved a bust of himself, and it's the custom to knock your head against his to acquire something of his wisdom. This was more my kind of mumbo-jumbo, and I duly banged my forehead against the marble brow. (Lodge, Therapy)

221. It's similar with books. Not quite the same, of course (it never is); but similar. If you quite enjoy a writer's work, if you turn the page approvingly yet don't mind being interrupted, then you tend to like that author unthinkingly. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

222. It was nearly midnight, and he was lying on his stomach in bed, the blankets drawn right over his head like a tent, a flashlight in one hand and a large leather-bound book (A History of Magic by Bathilda Bagshot) propped open against the pillow. Harry moved the tip of his eagle-feather quill down the page, frowning as he looked for something that would help him write his essay, 'Witch Burning in the Fourteenth Century Was Completely Pointless - discuss.' (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban)

223. In London, Ronald Frobisher is asleep in his study, wearing dressinggown and pyjamas, slumped in front of the television set on which he was

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watching, some hours earlier, the repeat of an episode from a police thriller series for which he wrote the script. (Lodge, Small World)

224. "How do you get in there?" Hermione said in an innocently casual sort of voice.

"Easy," said Fred, "concealed door behind a painting of a bowl of fruit. Just tickle the pear, and it giggles and -" He stopped and looked suspiciously at her. "Why?" (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

225. All I could find was an old snap of you at the seaside in shorts, but I expect they'll only use the head. (Lodge, Small World)

226. If you cut a flatworm in half, the head will grow a new tail; more surprisingly, the tail will grow a new head. (Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot)

227. Deliberately causing mayhem in Snape's Potions class was about as safe as poking a sleeping dragon in the eye. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets)

228. Professor Snape, who seemed to have attained new levels of vindictiveness over the summer, gave Neville detention, and Neville returned from it in a state of nervous collapse, having been made to disembowel a barrel full of horned toads.

"You know why Snape's in such a foul mood, don't you?" said Ron to Harry as they watched Hermione teaching Neville a Scouring Charm to remove the frog guts from under his fingernails. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

229. She's been flitting in and out of my consciousness ever since I started this journal, like a figure glimpsed indistinctly at the edge of a distant wood, moving between the trees, gliding in and out of the shadows. (Lodge, Therapy)

230. It was in a biggish bit of wooded country, surrounded by a wire fence. You live in little houses built between the trees. (Lodge, Thinks...)

231. Her mind hopped back to childhood, as it did more frequently these days. Her mother showing her how tomatoes ripened. Or rather, how you ripened tomatoes. It had been a cold, wet summer, and the fruit was still green on the stalk

by the time the leaves curled like wallpaper and a frost was forecast. (Barnes,

England, England)

232. There's a little square, I remember, with orange trees in it. There were workmen picking the oranges when I was there. (Barnes, Talking it over)

233. He glided toward them and landed noiselessly in a towering beech tree.He climbed carefully along one of the branches, holding tight to his broomstick, trying to see through the leaves. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone)

234. There's a new university there, you know, one of those plateglass and poured-concrete affairs on the edge of the town. [...] But then, when the official part was over, I was nobbled by a man in the English Department. (Lodge, Small World)

235. A family of peasants had camped out for the night on a bench, surrounded by their bundles and baskets. The mother, suckling her baby, gazed impassively at the women in chic velvet trouser suits who led caravans of porters bearing their matched suitcases towards the first class coaches. (Lodge, Small World)

236. "I just doubt the effectiveness of a strike. Who will notice? It's not as if we're like bus drivers or air traffic controllers. I fear the general public will find they can get along quite well without universities for a day."

"They'll notice the pickets," says Bob Busby. (Lodge, Nice Work)

237. He'd been reading an article about Legionnaire's Disease in Time magazine and frightened himself into reproducing the symptoms. (Lodge, Small World)

238. Early next morning, Harry woke with a plan fully formed in his mind, as though his sleeping brain had been working on it all night. He got up, dressed in the pale dawn light, left the dormitory without waking Ron, and went back down to the deserted common room. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

239. "In principle I disapprove of this kind of insistence on the biographical origins of the literary text, but I was persuaded by some friends here

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to take in the conference on my way back from Vienna, and I must admit that the idea of acting out "The Waste Land" on the streets of Lausanne was very imaginative. Most diverting."

240. "Who are the performers?" asked Persse. (Lodge, Small World)

241. It's 5.30 on Friday 21st March and I'm in my office killing time till I meet Carrie at six for a quick bite in the Arts Centre Café before a concert we're going to... Haydn and Mozart, I think... Carrie booked the tickets... (Lodge, Thinks...)

Анафор как целое:

242. "It's a mast!" he said to Ron and Hermione.

Slowly, magnificently, the ship rose out of the water, gleaming in the moonlight. (Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)

243. If I go to the window, I look down on pavements still thronged with people coming out of theatres, cinemas, restaurants and pubs, or standing about munching takeaway junk food or swigging beer and coke from the can, their breath condensing in the cold night air. (Lodge, Therapy)

244. "Hallo, is that Guinness you're drinking?" said a voice at his shoulder. "Where did you get it?"

Persse turned to find a large, fleshy, pockmarked face peering covetously at his drink through horn-rimmed glasses.

"I just asked for it at the bar," said Persse.

"This wine is like horsepiss," said the man, emptying his glass into a potted plant. (Lodge, Small World)

245. She throws a piteous look in the direction of Angelica and Lily, who run to her side, and sweep her on to Arthur Kingfisher. "Mother!"